Open AccessOn the history and some characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Review. Part 1
Author(s) -
С И Рыбаков
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
klìnìčna endokrinologìâ ta endokrinna hìrurgìâ
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2519-2582
pISSN - 1818-1384
DOI - 10.30978/cees-2021-2-60
Subject(s) - pancreas , enteroendocrine cell , endocrine system , gastrointestinal tract , insulinoma , hormone , duodenum , biology , neuroendocrine tumors , gastrinoma , pathology , medicine , endocrinology , gastrin , secretion
The literature review is devoted to the analysis of numerous studies that have formed the basis for creating ideas about the diffuse endocrine system. In addition to the main endocrine glands, also there are cellular accumulations and individual cells that produce various hormones and biologically active substances. It is established that, in particular, in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, starting from the esophagus and to the terminal parts of the large intestine, there are several types of endocrine cells with these functions. Most of them are in the pancreas, antrum of the stomach, duodenum, the initial part of the intestine, in the liver. Excessive secretory activity of these cells can cause the development of pathological clinical syndromes, characterized by the effect of the corresponding hormones. The morphological substrate of such syndromes may be tumors or diffuse hyperplasia of the corresponding cells. The author considers the pancreas as an integral part of the diffuse endocrine system, as specific endocrine functions in it perform numerous accumulations (islets of Langerhans) or individual cells. The review of the numerous neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract examines in detail the characteristics of some of them in historical and clinical aspects, in particular insulinoma as the most common and well-studied tumor. Glucagonoma is also considered as a neuroendocrine tumor derived from α-cells of the pancreas, is a kind of insulinoma antagonist, as it secretes an excess of the hormone glucagon, causing the development of hyperglycemic clinical syndrome in contrast to hypoglycemic, caused by insulin. It is a rare tumor and its consideration after insulinoma can be explained by the antagonistic nature of the action of hormones produced by these tumors. In the group of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, glucagonoma follows the frequency of insulinoma and gastrinoma.