Open AccessFrom competition to collaboration: challenges for New Zealand science
Author(s) -
D. R. Penman,
A. Pearce,
Missy Morton
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
policy quarterly
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2324-1101
pISSN - 2324-1098
DOI - 10.26686/pq.v7i4.4395
Subject(s) - competition (biology) , openness to experience , transaction cost , bidding , corporate governance , investment (military) , industrial organization , business , independence (probability theory) , database transaction , economics , political science , marketing , finance , ecology , biology , psychology , social psychology , statistics , mathematics , politics , computer science , law , programming language
Science has long been based on a model of individual and institutional competition. The reforms of the sector in the 1990s led to the formation of the crown research institutes (CRIs), which had responsibilities for specific economic or environmental sectors, independence and separate governance. The bulk of funding came via the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology, with often intense competition for resources. This was exacerbated by the openness of the investment processes to universities, research associations and other research providers. Over the past decade there were various attempts to encourage interdisciplinary and collaborative programmes, manage overbidding and establish alternative models, such as outcome-based investments, but there were still significant transaction costs in the competitive bidding processes.