Open AccessExosome-mediated immune regulation and its clinical application
Author(s) -
Naohiro Seo
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
trends in immunotherapy
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2573-5985
DOI - 10.24294/ti.v4.i1.433
Subject(s) - microvesicles , cytotoxic t cell , immune system , exosome , microbiology and biotechnology , biology , interleukin 12 , antigen presenting cell , cd8 , natural killer t cell , chemokine , immunology , cancer research , chemistry , t cell , microrna , biochemistry , gene , in vitro
Immune system is a precise mechanism for maintenance of homeostasis by lymphocyte-mediated elimination of extracellular and intercellular pathogens, and abnormal cells in cytokine-, chemokine-, antibody-, and cytotoxic granule-dependent manners. Extracellular vesicles, e.g. exosomes, released from multivesicular endosome in immune cells have been known to be a part of the immune system. Exosomes released by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) regulate natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]), and CD4+ T cells (Th cells) including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T (Treg) cells. In the anti-tumor immune system, NK cells and CTLs are mainly involved in the elimination of tumor cells by direct interaction. Recently, we clarified that tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells prevent tumor invasion and metastasis by exosome-mediated destruction of tumor stroma consist of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In this review article, we describe the role of exosomes in controlling immune system and its clinical application.