UNDERSTANDING AND USING ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Betty S. Azar. Englewood Cliffs

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES 1-1 The Simple Tenses 1-2 The Progressive Tenses 1-3 The Perfect Tenses 1-4 The Perfect Progressive Tenses 1-5 Summary Chart of Verb Tenses 1-6 Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms CHAPTER 2 PRESENT AND PAST, SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE 2-1 Simple Present 2-2 Present Progressive 2-3 Stative Verbs 2-4 am/is/are being + Adjective 2-5 Regular and Irregular Verbs 2-6 Regular Verbs: Pronunciation of -ed Endings 2-7 Irregular Verbs: An Alphabetical List 2-8 Troublesome Verbs: raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie 2-9 Simple Past 2-10 Past Progressive 2-11 Using Progressive Verbs with always to Complain 2-12 Using Expressions of Place with Progressive Verbs CHAPTER 3 PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES 3-1 Present Perfect 3-2 Present Perfect Progressive 3-3 Past Perfect 3-4 Past Perfect Progressive CHAPTER 4 FUTURE TIME 4-1 Simple Future: will and be going to 4-2 will vs.be going to 4-3 Expressing the Future in Time Clauses 4-4 Using the Present Progressive and the Simple Present to Express Future Time 4-5 Future Progressive 4-6 Future Perfect 4-7 Future Perfect Progressive CHAPTER 5 ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME AND REVIEW OF VERB TENSES 5-1 Adverb Clauses of Time: Form 5-2 Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships CHAPTER 6 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 6-1 Final -s/-es Use, Pronunciation, and Spelling 6-2 Basic Subject-Verb Agreement 6-3 Subject-Verb Agreement: Using Expressions of Quantity 6-4 Subject-Verb Agreement: Using there + be 6-5 Subject-Verb Agreement: Some Irregularities CHAPTER 7 NOUNS 7-1 Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns 7-2 Possessive Nouns 7-3 Using Nouns as Modifiers 7-4 Count and Noncount Nouns 7-5 Noncount Nouns 7-6 Some Common Noncount Nouns 7-7 Basic Article Usage 7-8 General Guidelines For Article Usage 7-9 Expressions of Quantity 7-10 Using a few and few a little and little 7-11 Using of in Expressions of Quantity 7-12 all (of) and both (of) 7-13 Singular Expressions of Quantity: one, each, every CHAPTER 8 PRONOUNS 8-1 Personal Pronouns 8-2 Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Generic Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns 8-3 Personal Pronouns: Agreement With Collective Nouns 8-4 Reflexive Pronouns 8-5 Using you, one, and they as Impersonal Pronouns 8-6 Forms of other 8-7 Common Expressions with other CHAPTER 9 MODALS, PART 1 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Polite Questions with I as the Subject 9-3 Polite Questions with you as the Subject 9-4 Polite Requests with would you mind 9-5 Expressing Necessity: must, have to, have got to 9-6 Lack of Necessity and Prohibition: have to and must in the Negative 9-7 Advisability: should, ought to, had better 9-8 The Past Form of should 9-9 Expectations: be supposed to 9-10 Making Suggestions: let's, why don't, shall we 9-11 Making Suggestions: could vs. should CHAPTER 10 MODALS, PART 2 10-1 Degrees of Certainty: Present Time 10-2 Degrees of Certainty: Present Time Negative 10-3 Degrees of Certainty: Past Time 10-4 Degrees of Certainty: Future Time 10-5 Progressive Forms of Modals 10-6 Ability: can and could 10-7 Using would to Express a Repeated Action in the Past 10-8 Expressing Preference: would rather 10-9 Combining Modals with Phrasal Modals 10-10 Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions CHAPTER 11 THE PASSIVE 11-1 Forming the Passive 11-2 Using the Passive 11-3 Indirect Objects Used as Passive Subjects 11-4 The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals 11-5 Stative Passive 11-6 Common Stative Passive Verbs + Prepositions 11-7 The Passive with get 11-8 Participial Adjectives CHAPTER 12 NOUN CLAUSES 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Noun Clauses Beginning with a Question Word 12-3 Noun Clauses Beginning with whether or if 12-4 Question Words Followed by Infinitives 12-5 Noun Clauses Beginning with that 12-6 Quoted Speech 12-7 Reported Speech: Verb Forms in Noun Clauses 12-8 Using The Subjunctive in Noun Clauses 12-9 Using -ever Words CHAPTER 13 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 13-1 Introduction 13-2 Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Subject 13-3 Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Verb 13-4 Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition 13-5 Usual Patterns of Adjective Clauses 13-6 Using whose 13-7 Using where in Adjective Clauses 13-8 Using when in Adjective Clauses 13-9 Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns 13-10 Punctuating Adjective Clauses 13-11 Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clauses 13-12 Using Noun + of which 13-13 Using which to Modify a Whole Sentence 13-14 Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introduction 13-15 Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase CHAPTER 14 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 1 14-1 Gerunds: Introduction 14-2 Using Gerunds as the Objects of Prepositions 14-3 Common Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds 14-4 Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds 14-5 go + Gerund 14-6 Special Expressions Followed by -ing 14-7 Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives 14-8 Common Verbs Followed by Either Infinitives or Gerunds 14-9 Reference List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds 14-10 Reference List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives 14-11 it + Infinitive Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects CHAPTER 15 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 2 15-1 Infinitive of Purpose: in order to 15-2 Adjectives Followed by Infinitives 15-3 Using Infinitives With too and enough 15-4 Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds 15-5 Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following need 15-6 Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund 15-7 Using Verbs of Perception 15-8 Using the Simple Form after let and help 15-9 Using Causative Verbs: make, have, get CHAPTER 16 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 16-1 Parallel Structure 16-2 Using Paired Conjunctions: both ... and not only ... but also either ... or neither ... nor 16-3 Combining Independent Clauses with Coordinating Conjunctions CHAPTER 17 ADVERB CLAUSES 17-1 Introduction 17-2 Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and Effect 17-3 Expressing Contrast (Unexpected Result): Using even though 17-4 Showing Direct Contrast: while and whereas 17-5 Expressing Conditions in Adverb Clauses: if-Clauses 17-6 Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using whether or not and even if 17-7 Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using in case and in the event that 17-8 Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using unless 17-9 Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using only if CHAPTER 18 REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES 18-1 Introduction 18-2 Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases 18-3 Expressing The Idea of "During The Same Time" in Modifying Adverbial Phrases 18-4 Expressing Cause and Effect in Modifying Adverbial Phrases 18-5 Using upon + -ing in Modifying Adverbial Phrases CHAPTER 19 CONNECTIVES THAT EXPRESS CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST. AND CONDITION 19-1 Using because of and due to 19-2 Using Transitions to Show Cause and Effect: therefore and consequently 19-3 Summary of Patterns and Punctuation 19-4 Other Ways of Expressing Cause and Effect: such ... that and so ... that 19-5 Expressing Purpose: Using so that 19-6 Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result) 19-7 Showing Direct Contrast 19-8 Expressing Conditions: Using otherwise and or (else) 19-9 Summary of Connectives: Cause and Effect, Contrast, Condition Chapter 20 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES 20-1 Overview of Basic Verb Forms Used in Conditional Sentences 20-2 True in the Present or Future 20-3 Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Present or Future 20-4 Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Past 20-5 Using Progressive Verb Forms in Conditional Sentences 20-6 Using "Mixed Time" in Conditional Sentences 20-7 Omitting if 20-8 Implied Conditions 20-9 Using as if / as though 20-10 Verb Forms Following wish 20-11 Using would to Make Wishes about the Future APPENDIX: SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR UNITS Unit A: Basic Grammar Terminology A-1 Subjects, Verbs, and Objects A-2 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases A-3 Adjectives A-4 Adverbs A-5 The Verb be A-6 Linking Verbs Unit B: Questions B-1 Forms of Yes/No and Information Questions B-2 Question Words B-3 Shortened Yes/No Questions B-4 Negative Questions B-5 Tag Questions Unit C: Contractions Unit D: Negatives D-1 Using not and Other Negative Words D-2 Avoiding Double Negatives D-3 Beginning a Sentence with a Negative Word Unit E: Preposition Combinations E Preposition Combinations with Adjectives and Verbs Unit F: Connectives to Give Examples and to Continue an Idea F-1 Connectives to Give Examples F-2 Connectives to Continue the Same Idea Unit G: Verb Form Review Exercises