Cell division patterns in the apices of subterranean axis and aerial shoot of Psilotum nudum (Psilotaceae): morphological and phylogenetic implications for the subterranean axis

The cell division pattern in the apical meristem of Psilotum nudum was examined using epi‐illumination microscopy and a paraffin method. In the subterranean axis, about half of the derivative cells of the apical cell produce tetrahedral daughter apical cells by the first three or more oblique divisions. Roughly half of these apical cells give rise to the apical meristems of axes, whereas the other half do not. Various relative activities of the mother and daughter apical cells give rise to disordered branching patterns. In the ill‐organized apical meristem as well as the leafless and capless structure, the Psilotum subterranean axis differs from the basic organs of vascular plants such as stem and root and seems to be an independent organ. The cell division pattern characteristic of the subterranean axis persists in the young unbranched aerial shoots, although fewer daughter apical cells are produced. Dichotomous branching of the aerial shoots, as in a variety of organs of pteridophytes, involves loss of the mother apical cell followed by appearance of two daughter apical cells.