Palatability of Woody Plants to Browsing Ruminants in a South African Savanna

We recorded food selection by free—ranging kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), impalas (Aepyceros melampus), and domestic goats in the Nylsvley Nature Reserve in South Africa. The predominant vegetation is a deciduous wooded savanna growing on infertile sandy soils; patches of Acacia savanna occur on the more fertile sites of former human settlements. Woody species fall into two basic categories of acceptability to the animals: (1) species favored year—round; and (2) species generally rejected, except during certain periods. Among the latter, some species increase in acceptability during the dry season; others are favored temporarily while new leaves predominate. Some species remain low in acceptability year—round. We propose a palatability classification of woody species, considering features of leaf retention (deciduous vs. evergreen) and spinescence, as well as seasonal variations in acceptability. Estimated annual foliage losses to browsing ungulates were 1—3% for unpalatable deciduous species, compared with 10—30% for most palatable unarmed deciduous and evergreen species. Unpalatable deciduous species dominate the woody foliage biomass on the infertile soils, while palatable but spinescent species make up most of the leaf biomass of trees and shrubs on the more fertile sites. These patterns seem widely typical of African savanna. Plants known to have chemical defenses against vertebrate herbivory are prominent on nutrient—deficient soils, while those with structural defenses are prominent on fertile soils.