Entre a natureza e o artifício: percepções e perspectivas nos projetos para parques urbanos e orlas fluviais na Amazônia

O presente trabalho tem por objeto de estudo a ideia de natureza e, por conseguinte, suas implicações no campo do urbanismo e no processo de construção da cidade. Seu objetivo principal é compreender como essa ideia é capaz de influenciar a forma urbana e, consequentemente, ser transformada por ela, assim como contribuir com o projeto urbano e as políticas públicas na Amazônia. Esta, construída ideologicamente no cerne da dialética entre natureza e cultura, apresenta um fértil campo de análise de temas ambientais. Da mesma forma, os projetos para parques urbanos e orlas fluviais, cuja origem está impregnada deste paradigma, permitem exemplificar distintas relações entre natureza e artifício em sete cidades analisadas na região. Foram verificadas diferentes abordagens projetuais correspondentes, em linhas gerais, aos projetos para orlas fluviais com matizes naturalistas, a projetos de revitalização urbana marcados pela naturalização do artifício, aos parques ecológicos e aos parques lineares interdisciplinares e multifuncionais, que apontam para uma abordagem socioecológica de cidade. Os conflitos discursivos encontrados refletem ambivalências históricas, ao mesmo tempo em que permitem colocar a Amazônia urbana como local privilegiado para a reflexão e possibilidades. Palavras-chave: filosofia da natureza; meio ambiente urbano; cidades amazônicas; projeto urbano. Abstract: The object of study of this paper is the idea of Nature and its relationship with Artifice, and its implications in the field of Urbanism. Whereas the idea that society has given to nature influences the process of city construction, through its actors and its instruments of operation, this study aims to understand how this main idea is able to influence the urban form and thus be transformed by it, producing different approaches. It is also secondary purpose of this research to contribute to urban design and public policies in the Amazon, through discussion between the approaches adopted by different actors in relation to the issue in cities object of analysis, promoting an exchange of experience between them. The Amazon, ideologically constructed in the heart of the dialectic between nature and culture, presents a fertile field of analysis of environmental issues. Similarly, projects for urban parks and waterfronts, whose essence is imbued this paradigm, can illustrate different relationships between nature and artifice in the region, and it can extract the meaning and implications of this relationship for urban planning. It has been found different approaches and movements on reference projects. Broadly speaking, correspond to those projects for river edges with naturalists shades, deployed in areas previously little altered by human presence, the projects of revitalization of consolidated and degraded urban areas, distinct by the naturalization of artifice, the projects for ecological parks aimed at natural preservation and environmental education and the interdisciplinary and multifunctional linear parks, pointing to a socio-ecological urban approach. Discursive contradictions found to reflect this duality along the Amazon history, sometimes recurring ambivalence in heaven and hell, sometimes in pulses of either preserve or develop, sometimes in the dialectic between nature and artifice. If overcoming this dichotomy is possible, or even necessary, the Amazon city presents itself as an exceptional place for discussion of this issue. Keywords: philosophy of nature; urban environment; amazonian cities; urban design.