Open AccessAn Objective System for Quantitative Assessment of Television Viewing Among Children (Family Level Assessment of Screen Use in the Home-Television): System Development Study
Author(s) -
Anil Kumar Vadathya,
Salma Musaad,
Alicia Beltran,
Oriana Pérez,
Leo Meister,
Tom Baranowski,
Sheryl O. Hughes,
Jason A. Mendoza,
Ashutosh Sabharwal,
Ashok Veeraraghavan,
Teresia M. O’Connor
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
jmir pediatrics and parenting
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2561-6722
DOI - 10.2196/33569
Subject(s) - gold standard (test) , intraclass correlation , gaze , computer science , psychology , flash (photography) , multimedia , statistics , artificial intelligence , developmental psychology , mathematics , psychometrics , art , visual arts
Background Television viewing among children is associated with developmental and health outcomes, yet measurement techniques for television viewing are prone to errors, biases, or both. Objective This study aims to develop a system to objectively and passively measure children’s television viewing time. Methods The Family Level Assessment of Screen Use in the Home-Television (FLASH-TV) system includes three sequential algorithms applied to video data collected in front of a television screen: face detection, face verification, and gaze estimation. A total of 21 families of diverse race and ethnicity were enrolled in 1 of 4 design studies to train the algorithms and provide proof of concept testing for the integrated FLASH-TV system. Video data were collected from each family in a laboratory mimicking a living room or in the child’s home. Staff coded the video data for the target child as the gold standard. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each algorithm, as compared with the gold standard. Prevalence and biased adjusted κ scores and an intraclass correlation using a generalized linear mixed model compared FLASH-TV’s estimation of television viewing duration to the gold standard. Results FLASH-TV demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting faces (95.5%-97.9%) and performed well on face verification when the child’s gaze was on the television. Each of the metrics for estimating the child’s gaze on the screen was moderate to good (range: 55.1% negative predictive value to 91.2% specificity). When combining the 3 sequential steps, FLASH-TV estimation of the child’s screen viewing was overall good, with an intraclass correlation for an overall time watching television of 0.725 across conditions. Conclusions FLASH-TV offers a critical step forward in improving the assessment of children’s television viewing.