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Water Quality Improvement through Bioretention: Lead, Copper, and Zinc Removal
Author(s) -
Davis Allen P.,
Shokouhian Mohammad,
Sharma Himanshu,
Minami Christie,
Winogradoff Derek
Publication year - 2003
Publication title -
water environment research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.356
H-Index - 73
eISSN - 1554-7531
pISSN - 1061-4303
DOI - 10.2175/106143003x140854
Subject(s) - bioretention , surface runoff , stormwater , environmental science , low impact development , environmental engineering , pollutant , infiltration (hvac) , water quality , effluent , pollution , zinc , environmental chemistry , chemistry , stormwater management , ecology , physics , organic chemistry , biology , thermodynamics
Intensive automobile use, weathering of building materials, and atmospheric deposition contribute lead, copper, zinc, and other heavy metals to urban and roadway runoff. Bioretention is a low‐impact‐development best management practice that has the potential to improve stormwater quality from developed areas. The practice represents a soil, sand, organic matter, and vegetation‐based storage and infiltration facility used in parking lots and on individual lots to treat runoff. Investigations using pilot‐plant laboratory bioretention systems and two existing bioretention facilities documented their effectiveness at removing low levels of lead, copper, and zinc from synthetic stormwater runoff. Removal rates of these metals (based on concentration and total mass) were excellent, reaching close to 100% for all metals under most conditions, with effluent copper and lead levels mostly less than 5 μg/L and zinc less than 25 μg/L. Somewhat less removal was noted for shallow bioretention depths. Runoff pH, duration, intensity, and pollutant concentrations were varied, and all had minimal effect on removal. The two field investigations generally supported the laboratory studies. Overall, excellent removal of dissolved heavy metals can be expected through bioretention infiltration. Although the accumulation of metals is a concern, buildup problems are not anticipated for more than 15 years because of the low metal concentrations expected in runoff.