Open Access3D Printing of Micro- and Nanoscale Bone Substitutes: A Review on Technical and Translational Perspectives
Author(s) -
Lijia Cheng,
Shoma Suresh K,
Hongyan He,
Ritu Singh Rajput,
Qiyang Feng,
Saravanan Ramesh,
Yuzhuang Wang,
Sasirekha Krishnan,
Serge Ostrovidov,
Gulden CamciUnal,
Murugan Ramalingam
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
international journal of nanomedicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.245
H-Index - 128
eISSN - 1178-2013
pISSN - 1176-9114
DOI - 10.2147/ijn.s311001
Subject(s) - 3d printing , stereolithography , rapid prototyping , tissue engineering , materials science , fused deposition modeling , 3d printed , nanotechnology , regeneration (biology) , biomedical engineering , biocompatible material , regenerative medicine , bone formation , scaffold , stem cell , medicine , genetics , endocrinology , composite material , biology , microbiology and biotechnology
Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offer immense potential in fabricating scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, especially for bone repair and regeneration. As the availability of autologous bone sources and commercial products is limited and surgical methods do not help in complete regeneration, it is necessary to develop alternative approaches for repairing large segmental bone defects. The 3D printing technology can effectively integrate different types of living cells within a 3D construct made up of conventional micro- or nanoscale biomaterials to create an artificial bone graft capable of regenerating the damaged tissues. This article reviews the developments and applications of 3D printing in bone tissue engineering and highlights the numerous conventional biomaterials and nanomaterials that have been used in the production of 3D-printed scaffolds. A comprehensive overview of the 3D printing methods such as stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and ink-jet 3D printing, and their technical and clinical applications in bone repair and regeneration has been provided. The review is expected to be useful for readers to gain an insight into the state-of-the-art of 3D printing of bone substitutes and their translational perspectives.