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Interlayer Spacings of Expanded Clay Minerals at Various Swelling Pressures: An X‐Ray Diffraction Technique for Direct Determination
Author(s) -
Rhoades J. D.,
Ingvalson R. D.,
Stumpf H. T.
Publication year - 1969
Publication title -
soil science society of america journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.836
H-Index - 168
eISSN - 1435-0661
pISSN - 0361-5995
DOI - 10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300030038x
Subject(s) - montmorillonite , diffraction , swelling , x ray crystallography , diffractometer , materials science , clay minerals , electrolyte , x ray , composite material , ceramic , porosity , mineralogy , analytical chemistry (journal) , geology , chemistry , optics , chromatography , physics , scanning electron microscope , electrode
An X‐ray diffraction technique for determining interlayer spacings of expanded clay minerals at various swelling pressures has been developed. A swollen clay sample that has been equilibrated with an electrolyte solution is placed in a holder containing a porous ceramic plate, collection well, and drain outlet. The holder with sample is placed in a diffractometer mounted environmental chamber and then X‐rayed at various applied air pressures. Brief results are given to demonstrate the applicability of the technique. These results show that a very stable average diffraction spacing of 45A persisted during the drying of a previously swollen Na‐saturated montmorillonite until the air pressure exceeded 7.6 bars. With contraction the average diffraction spacings decreased from 45A to 19A in a quantized fashion without the appearance of intermediate spacings.