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Concentration–Time Exposure Index for Modeling Soil Fumigation under Various Management Scenarios
Author(s) -
Wang D.,
He J. M.,
Knuteson J. A.
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
journal of environmental quality
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.888
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1537-2537
pISSN - 0047-2425
DOI - 10.2134/jeq2004.6850
Subject(s) - fumigation , loam , environmental science , irrigation , drip irrigation , soil water , soil science , agronomy , biology
Best management decisions in soil fumigation require informed management selections of soil type, field geometry, application dosage, and depth to maximize fumigant distribution for efficacy and minimize off‐site transport for environmental safety. An efficacy‐ or exposure‐based concentration–time exposure index (CTEI) was used to serve as a continuous quantitative efficacy assessment for soil fumigation by subsurface drip irrigation using numerical model simulations. The CTEI was defined as the ratio between the soil volume where concentration–time (CT) exceeded a threshold value for a particular pest–fumigant combination and the total soil volume required for fumigation treatment. Applications of CTEI as a simple efficacy index were demonstrated by simulating combinations of three soil types (loam, sandy loam, sand); three field configurations consisting of 102‐ and 203‐cm‐wide bed systems and a flat surface system; three application depths (15, 30, 45 cm); and two application rates (82 and 327 kg ha −1 ) for 1,3‐dichloropropene against citrus nematode ( Tylenchulus semipenetrans ) using a threshold air‐phase CT value of 12 μg h cm −3 obtained from a separate field study. For soil fumigation by subsurface drip irrigation, the order of importance in optimizing CTEI was soil type, depth of application and depth of treatment, dosage, and field configuration. Model simulation using CTEI as a numeric efficacy index can be an effective alternative to assist in the planning of field trials for making final management decisions concerning soil fumigation or other pesticide applications.