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Effect of Formulation on the Behavior of 1,3‐Dichloropropene in Soil
Author(s) -
Kim JungHo,
Papiernik Sharon K.,
Farmer Walter J.,
Gan Jianying,
Yates Scott R.
Publication year - 2003
Publication title -
journal of environmental quality
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.888
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1537-2537
pISSN - 0047-2425
DOI - 10.2134/jeq2003.2223
Subject(s) - chemistry , fumigation , soil water , volatilisation , partition coefficient , sorption , bromide , phase (matter) , environmental chemistry , chromatography , organic chemistry , soil science , horticulture , adsorption , environmental science , biology
The fumigant 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) has been identified as a partial replacement for methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) in soil fumigation. 1,3‐Dichloropropene is formulated for soil fumigation as Telone II (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) for shank application and as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) (Telone EC or InLine; Dow AgroSciences) for drip application. This study investigated the effect of formulation on the phase partitioning, transformation rate, and volatilization of 1,3‐D isomers. Air–water partitioning coefficients ( K H ) were slightly higher for Telone II than for Telone EC, presumably due to the higher apparent water solubility of the EC formulation. Sorption of 1,3‐D isomers in two soils was not affected by formulation. Formulation had no significant effect on the rate of 1,3‐D transformation in water or soil. In general, differences in the rate of 1,3‐D transformation and phase partitioning due to formulation as Telone II or Telone EC were very small. Thus, the effect of formulation on 1,3‐D fate may be ignored in transformation and phase partition of 1,3‐D in water and soil. Packed soil columns without plastic tarp indicated that with relatively shallow subsurface (10 cm) drip application of Telone EC, emission of 1,3‐D isomers was more rapid and produced greater maximum instantaneous flux than deeper (30 cm) shank injection of Telone II. Both application methods resulted in the same cumulative emissions for both isomers, 45% for ( E )‐1,3‐D and approximately 50% for ( Z )‐1,3‐D. These results suggest that for drip application of fumigants to be effective in reducing emissions, the fumigant must be applied at sufficient depths to prevent rapid volatilization from the soil surface if the water application rate does not sufficiently restrict vapor diffusion.