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Influence of Flow Rate on Transport of Bacteriophage in Shale Saprolite
Author(s) -
McKay L.D.,
Harton A.D.,
Wilson G.V.
Publication year - 2002
Publication title -
journal of environmental quality
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.888
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1537-2537
pISSN - 0047-2425
DOI - 10.2134/jeq2002.1095
Subject(s) - saprolite , macropore , bacteriophage ms2 , effluent , volumetric flow rate , subsoil , soil science , groundwater , geology , water flow , chemistry , hydrology (agriculture) , mineralogy , soil water , environmental science , geotechnical engineering , environmental engineering , bacteriophage , mesoporous material , biochemistry , physics , escherichia coli , quantum mechanics , gene , catalysis
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of flow rate on transport and retention of bacteriophage tracers in a fractured shale saprolite, which is a highly weathered, fine‐grained subsoil that retains much of the fabric of the parent bedrock. Synthetic ground water containing PRD‐1, MS‐2, and bromide was passed through a saturated column of undisturbed shale saprolite at rates ranging from 0.0075 to 0.96 m d −1 First arrival of the bacteriophage tracers in effluent samples in each of the experiments occurred within 0.01 to 0.04 pore volumes (PV) of the start of injection, indicating that bacteriophage were advectively transported mainly through fractures or macropores. Bacteriophage transport velocities, based on first arrival in the effluent, were very similar to fracture flow velocities calculated using the cubic law for flow in a fractured material. For MS‐2, maximum concentration and mass of tracer recovered both increased steadily as flow rate increased. For PRD‐1, these values initially increased, but were nearly constant at flow rates above 0.039 m d −1 , indicating that approximately 50% of the observed losses were independent of flow rate. Evaluation of the data indicates that physical straining and electrostatic or hydrophobic attachment to fracture or macropore walls were the dominant retention processes. Inactivation and gravitational settling playing secondary roles, except at the slowest flow rates. The study suggests that microbial contamination from sources such as septic fields and sewage ponds may pose a threat to the quality of ground water and surface water in areas with saprolitic subsoils.