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TNT Transport and Fate in Contaminated Soil
Author(s) -
Comfort S. D.,
Shea P. J.,
Hundal L. S.,
Li Z.,
Woodbury B. L.,
Martin J. L.,
Powers W. L.
Publication year - 1995
Publication title -
journal of environmental quality
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.888
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1537-2537
pISSN - 0047-2425
DOI - 10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400060018x
Subject(s) - trinitrotoluene , sorption , environmental chemistry , chemistry , soil contamination , contamination , tracer , soil water , adsorption , environmental science , soil science , organic chemistry , ecology , physics , biology , nuclear physics , explosive material
Abstract Past disposal practices at munitions production plants have contaminated terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). We determined TNT transport, degradation, and long‐term sorption characteristics in soil. Transport experiments were conducted with repacked, unsaturated soil columns containing uncontaminated soil or layers of contaminated and uncontaminated soil. Uncontaminated soil columns received multiple pore volumes (22–50) of a TNT‐ 3 H 2 O pulse, containing 70 or 6.3 mg TNT L −1 at a constant pore water velocity. TNT breakthrough curves (BTCs) never reached initial solute pulse concentrations. Apex concentrations ( C/C o ) were between 0.6 and 0.8 for an initial pulse of 70 mg TNT L −1 and 0.2 to 0.3 for the 6.3 mg TNT L −1 pulse. Earlier TNT breakthrough was observed at the higher pulse concentration. This mobility difference was predicted from the nonlinear adsorption isotherm determined for TNT sorption. In all experiments, a significant fraction of added TNT was recovered as amino degradates of TNT. Mass balance estimates indicated 81% of the added TNT was recovered (as TNT and amino degradates) from columns receiving the 70 mg TNT L −1 pulse compared to 35% from columns receiving the 6.3 mg TNT L −1 pulse. Most of the unaccountable TNT was hypothesized to be unextractable. This was supported by a 168‐d sorption experiment, which found that within 14 d, 80% of 14 C activity (added as 14 C‐TNT) was adsorbed and roughly 40% unextractable. Our observations illustrate that TNT sorption and degradation are concentration‐dependent and the assumptions of linear adsorption and adsorption‐desorption singularity commonly used in transport modeling, may not be valid for predicting TNT transport in munitions‐contaminated soils.