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The Environmental Fate of Three Dichlorophenyl Nitrophenyl Ether Herbicides in a Rice Paddy Model Ecosystem
Author(s) -
Lee AnHorng,
Lu PoYung,
Metcalf Robert L.,
Hsu ErrLieh
Publication year - 1976
Publication title -
journal of environmental quality
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.888
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1537-2537
pISSN - 0047-2425
DOI - 10.2134/jeq1976.00472425000500040035x
Subject(s) - oryza sativa , ether , gambusia , pesticide , ecosystem , chemistry , toxicology , nitrofen , rice plant , biology , environmental chemistry , botany , agronomy , ecology , organic chemistry , fish <actinopterygii> , biochemistry , fishery , pregnancy , fetus , genetics , congenital diaphragmatic hernia , gene
The distribution and fate of three 14 C radiolabeled diphenyl ether herbicides, nitrofen (2,4‐dichlorophenyl 4′‐nitrophenyl ether), X‐52 or methoxy‐nitrofen (2,4‐dichlorophenyl 3′‐methoxy‐4′‐nitrophenyl ether), and bifenox (2,4‐dichlorophenyl 3′‐carbomethoxy‐4′‐nitrophenyl ether), were evaluated in a laboratory rice ( Oryza sativa L., Taichung Native No. 1) paddy model ecosystem. Nitrofen was relatively stable under model ecosystem conditions and was bioconcentrated and stored over a 33‐day period in tissues of alga ( Oedogonium cardiacum Wittrock), snail ( Physa sp.), mosquito ( Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say), and fish ( Gambusia affinis Baird & Girard). The carbomethoxy group of bifenox served as an effective degradophore and tissue storage of the parent compound was minimal. The methoxy group of the methoxynitrofen was not an effective degradophore. The laboratory rice paddy model ecosystem is a useful tool for evaluating the environmental effects and fate of pesticides to be used in rice culture.