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Strengths and Limitations of Nitrogen Rate Recommendations for Corn and Opportunities for Improvement
Author(s) -
Morris Thomas F.,
Murrell T. Scott,
Beegle Douglas B.,
Camberato James J.,
Ferguson Richard B.,
Grove John,
Ketterings Quirine,
Kyveryga Peter M.,
Laboski Carrie A.M.,
McGrath Joshua M.,
Meisinger John J.,
Melkonian Jeff,
MoebiusClune Bianca N.,
Nafziger Emerson D.,
Osmond Deanna,
Sawyer John E.,
Scharf Peter C.,
Smith Walter,
Spargo John T.,
Es Harold M.,
Yang Haishun
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
agronomy journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.752
H-Index - 131
eISSN - 1435-0645
pISSN - 0002-1962
DOI - 10.2134/agronj2017.02.0112
Subject(s) - fertilizer , environmental science , agricultural engineering , leaching (pedology) , production (economics) , agriculture , nitrogen fertilizer , agronomy , engineering , economics , ecology , soil water , soil science , biology , macroeconomics
Core Ideas Nitrogen recommendations for individual corn fields are less accurate than desired. Nitrogen recommendations need improvement for economic and environmental reasons. A review of fundamental concepts will improve understanding about N recommendations. Examination of N recommendation systems, tests, and models will improve recommendations.Nitrogen fixation by the Haber–Bosch process has more than doubled the amount of fixed N on Earth, significantly influencing the global N cycle. Much of this fixed N is made into N fertilizer that is used to produce nearly half of the world's food. Too much of the N fertilizer pollutes air and water when it is lost from agroecosystems through volatilization, denitrification, leaching, and runoff. Most of the N fertilizer used in the United States is applied to corn ( Zea mays L.), and the profitability and environmental footprint of corn production is directly tied to N fertilizer applications. Accurately predicting the amount of N needed by corn, however, has proven to be challenging because of the effects of rainfall, temperature, and interactions with soil properties on the N cycle. For this reason, improving N recommendations is critical for profitable corn production and for reducing N losses to the environment. The objectives of this paper were to review current methods for estimating N needs of corn by: (i) reviewing fundamental background information about how N recommendations are created; (ii) evaluating the performance, strengths, and limitations of systems and tools used for making N fertilizer recommendations; (iii) discussing how adaptive management principles and methods can improve recommendations; and (iv) providing a framework for improving N fertilizer rate recommendations.