ANALISIS DIVERSITAS GENETIK AKSESI KELAPA SAWIT KAMERUN BERDASARKAN MARKA SSR

ABSTRAK Diversitas genetik aksesi kelapa sawit Indonesia saat ini sangat rendah. Dalam usaha meningkatkan keragaman genetik telah dilakukan eksplorasi plasma nutfah di pusat keragaman genetik kelapa sawit di Kamerun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui diversitas genetik dan tingkat polimorfisme berdasarkan marka SSR aksesi-aksesi kelapa sawit Kamerun. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan 49 aksesi kelapa sawit Kamerun, Afrika yang ditanam di Kebun Sumber Daya Genetik (SDG) Sawit Sijunjung, Sumatera Barat. DNA genomik diisolasi dari tiap individu aksesi menggunakan protokol isolasi DNA untuk tanaman bergetah. DNA dianalisis menggunakan 20 marka SSR. Dendrogram kekerabatan dikonstruksi menggunakan metode Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic (UPGMA) melalui software NTSYS-pc (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System) versi 2.1-pc. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai polimorfisme information content (PIC) marka SSR tinggi sebesar 0,80 (berkisar 0,63-0,91). Jumlah alel yang terdeteksi per marka SSR berkisar antara 4-15 alel per lokus SSR (rata-rata 8,75). Analisis filogenetik 49 aksesi menghasilkan diversitas genetik 12,5- 54,72% (kemiripan genetik 55,28-87,50%). Pada diversitas genetik 54,72%, aksesi Kamerun terbagi menjadi tujuh kelompok masing-masing terdiri dari 9, 28, 4, 2, 1, 2, dan 3 aksesi. Aksesi dengan diversitas genetik tinggi dan berada pada klaster berbeda, potensial digunakan sebagai calon tetua dalam program pemuliaan kelapa sawit. Kata kunci: Elaeis guineensis Jacq., diversitas genetik, plasma nutfah, marka SSR ABSTRACT Genetic diversity of the Indonesian oil palm collection is very low. To improve their genetic variability, exploration from the oil palm center of origins has been done in Kamerun. The objectives of this study were to determine genetic and polymorphism level of the SSR markers Cameroon- originated oil palm accessions. Genetic materials used were 49 Cameroon- originated oil palm accessions collected at Sijunjung Oil Palm Germplam Collection Station, West Sumatera. Genomic DNA was isolated using a protocol for isolating DNA from leaves rich with latex. DNA was analyzed using 20 SSR markers. A dendogram was constructed using the Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic (UPGMA) method through the Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System software (NTSYS-pc) version 2.1-pc. Results showed that the polimorfisme information content (PIC) values of the SSR markers used was high, 0.80 (range from 0.63-0.91). The average number of the SSR alleles detected was also high, 8.75 alleles (range from 4-15 alleles per SSR locus). Phylogenetic analysis of the 49 oil palm accessions resulted genetic diversity of 12.5-54.72% (genetic similarity of 55.28-87.50%). At genetic diversity 54.72%, the 49 accessions were divided into seven clusters, each consisted of 9, 28, 4, 2, 1, 2, and 3 accesions, respectively. Accessions with high genetic diversity and located at different clusters may be useful as parent candidates in the future oil palm breeding programs. Key words: Elaeis guineensis Jacq., genetic diversity, germplasm, SSR markers