PENGARUH AIR KELAPA TERHADAP MULTIPLIKASI TUNAS IN VITRO, PRODUKSI RIMPANG, DAN KANDUNGAN XANTHORRHIZOL TEMULAWAK DI LAPANGAN

ABSTRAK Langkah antisipatif pemenuhan kebutuhan massal benih temulawak dilakukan dengan perbanyakan secara in vitro menggunakan medium tumbuh yang murah mengandung air kelapa. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan kimia air kelapa dan peranannya dalam multi- plikasi tunas temulawak in vitro, serta pengaruhnya terhadap produksi rimpang dan kandungan xanthorrizol. Penelitian dilakukan mulai Mei 2009 sampai Agustus 2010 di Laboratorium dan Kebun Percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat; serta Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen Pertanian. Air kelapa yang digunakan berasal dari kelapa muda (7-8 bulan) dan kelapa tua berumur (10-12 bulan). Penelitian dilakukan secara bertahap, terdiri atas 4 kegiatan. Pertama, analisis zat pengatur tumbuh, vitamin dan mineral dalam air kelapa menggunakan metode HPLC. Kedua, pengaruh konsentrasi air kelapa (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25%) terhadap multiplikasi tunas temulawak in vitro. Kegiatan dirancang secara acak kelompok, 3 ulangan. Pengamatan meliputi parameter pertumbuhan. Ketiga, aklimatisasi dan kandungan klorofil tanaman hasil in vitro. Keempat, pertumbuhan dan produksi rimpang benih temulawak in vitro dalam pot berisi media tanah + pasir dan analisis kandungan xanthorrizolnya. Rancangan penelitian acak kelompok, 3 ulangan, dan parameter pengamatan karakter pertumbuhan, produksi rimpang, dan kandungan xanthorrizol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa air kelapa mengandung kinetin, zeatin, auksin, vitamin, mineral dan sumber karbon yang berguna untuk multiplikasi tunas in vitro. Kandungan kimia air kelapa muda lebih tinggi dibanding air kelapa tua. Medium tumbuh mengandung air kelapa 15% terbaik dalam merangsang pertum- buhan tunas in vitro (rata-rata 4,6 jumlah tunas per botol selama periode awal pertumbuhan (8 minggu) sehingga dijadikan sebagai standar perba- nyakan. Bibit temulawak hasil perbanyakan in vitro tumbuh baik (72%) pada masa aklimatisasi, walaupun sebagian kecil ada yang menguning. Kandungan klorofil a, b, dan total klorofil temulawak asal kultur in vitro lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang konvensional, dan bentuk rimpangnya normal. Poduksi rimpang generasi awal (Vo) mencapai rata- rata 320,2g, lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan rimpang konvensional (800,5g). Kandungan xanthorrhizol temulawak hasil kultur in vitro lebih rendah dibandingkan rimpang konvensional. Hasil penelitian mengindi- kasikan potensi air kelapa sebagai zat pengatur tumbuh alami pada temulawak in vitro. Kata kunci: air kelapa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, in vitro, xanthorrhizol, hasil ABSTRACT Anticipated step for Java turmeric seed massal fulfillment was conducted by in vitro using cheap growth medium enriched with coconut water. The aim of the research was to analyse the chemical content of coconut water and its role on java turmeric micropropagation in vitro and their effect on yield and xanthorrhizol content. The experiement was conducted from May 2009 to August 2009 at Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Research Institute and Indonsian Center for Agricultural Post Harvest Research and Development. The coconut water used comes from young coconut (7-8 months) and old coconut (10-12 months). The research consisted of four steps. First, analysis of growth regulator, vitamin and sucrose from coconut water using HPLC method. Second, the effect of several concentration od water coconut: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% on in vitro multiplication. The experiment was arranged in completely block design with three replicates. The parameters observed were growth of culture during in vitro. Third, acclimatization and chlorophyll content of plant derived from in vitro and fourth, growth, and yield of java turmeric seed on pot containing soil + sand as growth medium and xanthorrhizol analysis. The experiment was arranged in completely block design with three replicates. The parameters observed were growth characters, yield and xnthorrhizol content. Result showed that coconut water contain kinetin, zeatin, auksin, vitamin, mineral and carbon source which used for in vitro shoots multiplication. The chemical of young coconut water was higher than old coconut. The growth medium enriched with 15 % coconut water gave the best result on inducing shoots in vitro (average 4.6 shoots/bottle during 8 weeks culture), so it’s used as multiplication standard. Java turmeric seed from in vitro culture grew well (72%) on acclimatization. Although, some of them were greenish.The content of a, b, and total chlorophyll of java ginger from in vitro culture was higher than conventional rhizome and have a normal rhizome. The production on Vo (plantlet generation) around 320.2 g/plant, is lower than conventional rhyzome (800.5 g). Xanthorhizol and essential oil content of Java turmeric from in vitro seed were lower than conventional rhyzome. Result research indicated potency of the coconut water as a nature growth regulator in vitro. Key words: coconut water, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, in vitro, growth, xanthorrhizol, yield