KERAGAMAN MORFOLOGI, PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI, MUTU DAN FITOKIMIA KELADI TIKUS (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume ASAL VARIASI SOMAKLONAL

ABSTRAK Keladi tikus (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume merupakan tanaman obat yang bermanfaat dalam mengobati penyakit kanker. Secara konvensional, tanaman ini diperbanyak vegetatif sehingga keragaman genetiknya tergolong sempit. Upaya peningkatan ragam genetik keladi tikus telah dilakukan melalui variasi somaklonal yaitu kultur kalus dan diperoleh plantlet yang normal, namun belum dievaluasi keragaman morfologi, komponen pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu dan skrining fitokimia tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman morfologi, pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu dan fitokimia tanaman hasil kultur kalus tersebut. Kegiatan dilakukan di rumah kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik mulai November 2005 sampai Januari 2007. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah benih keladi tikus asal kultur kalus. Sebagai pembanding digunakan benih keladi tikus asal kultur jaringan dan konvensional. Bahan tanaman tersebut ditanam di dalam polibag berukuran 20 cm x 30 cm yang berisi media tumbuh campuran tanah dengan pupuk kandang sapi (2:1), dan dipelihara di rumah kaca sampai berumur sembilan bulan. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah acak lengkap dengan enam belas ulangan. Setiap ulangan terdiri atas satu polibag. Parameter yang diamati adalah karakter morfologi dan pertumbuhan pada umur enam bulan sedangkan produksi umbi diamati pada umur sembilan bulan. Selain itu, juga dilakukan analisis terhadap mutu dan fitokimia dari umbi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara visual tanaman asal benih kultur kalus memiliki karakteristik morfologi yaitu bentuk daun, bentuk batang, warna daun dan batang serta bentuk umbi yang sama dengan benih asal kultur jaringan maupun benih konvensional. Komponen pertumbuhan (jumlah anakan) benih asal kultur kalus dari kutur jaringan lebih sedikit dari benih konvensional. Sedangkan jumlah daun, panjang dan lebar daun tidak berbeda. Tinggi tanaman asal benih kultur kalus lebih pendek dari benih kultur jaringan dan konvensional. Produksi umbi hasil kultur kalus (14,24 g) dan hasil kultur jaringan (15,11g) lebih tinggi dari umbi konvensional (7,0 g). Analisis mutu (kadar sari larut dalam air) pada keladi tikus asal benih kultur jaringan lebih tinggi dari benih asal kultur kalus dan benih konvensional. Senyawa steroid ditemukan pada tanaman asal benih kultur kalus dan kultur jaringan, namun senyawa flavonoid dan triterpenoid terdeteksi dalam jumlah tinggi pada tanaman asal benih konvensional. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknik keragaman somaklonal pada tanaman keladi tikus hanya meningkatkan variasi mutu dan fitokimia tetapi tidak pada morfologi tanaman. Kata kunci : Keladi tikus, Typonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume, keragaman morfologi, pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu, fitokimia ABSTRACT Morphological variation, growth, production, quality and fitochemistry of rodent tuber (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume derived from somaclonal variation Rodent tuber (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume is one of medicinal plant which is used for healing cancer. Conventionally, the plant was vegetatively propagated, therefore. Its genetic variation is narrow. An attempt to increase the genetic variation of plant was conducted using somaclonal variation (calli culture) and resulted the normal planlet in vitro. But, the plant morphology, growth, production, quality and fitochemistry variation have not been evaluated yet. The aim of the research were to obtain the morphological variation, growth, production, quality and fitochemistry of rodent tuber from calli culture seeds. Experiment was done at the Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute Green house from November 2005 to January 2007. The plants material used were seeds of rodent tuber from calli culture compared with seeds from in vitro culture. They were planted in the polibag (20 cm x 30 cm) which is contained soil and cow manure (2:1) and maintained until nine months. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with sixteen replications. The parameters observed were morphological character and growth component at six months and rhizome production at nine months. Further more, quality and fitochemical variation and rhizome were also analyzed. The result showed that visually, morphological character of those plant observed were same in leaf, stem and rhizome. Growth component (number of leaves, length and width of leaves) of seeds from calli culture were same with in vitro and conventional but plant height was different. Conventional seeds produced the greatest tillers but rhizome production was lower than seeds from calli and in vitro. Water soluble extract from in vitro seeds was higher than calli culture and conventional seeds. Steroid compound was detected in seeds from calli and in vitro. On the otherhand, flavonoid and triterpenoid were not found. The experiment showed that application of somaclonal variation on rodent tuber only increase the quality and fitochemical variations but not on plant morphology. Key words : Typonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume, morphological variation, growth, production, quality, fitochemistry