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DETERMINASI NEMATODA PARASIT Aphelenchoides sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata)
Author(s) -
Setyowati Retno Djiwanti,
Supriadi Supriadi
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
jurnal penelitian tanaman industri (industrial crops research journal)/jurnal penelitian tanaman industri
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2528-6870
pISSN - 0853-8212
DOI - 10.21082/jlittri.v14n2.2008.61-66
Subject(s) - physics , biology
ABSTRAK Nematoda hawar daun Aphelenchoides sp. telah dilaporkan menyerang dan menyebabkan gugur daun pada sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi spesies Aphelenchoides sp. tersebut telah dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca dan kebun percobaan Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik pada tahun 2005-2006. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati gejala khas pada tanaman sakit dan karakteristik morfologi nematoda secara mikroskopik pada preparat semi-permanen Aphelenchoides sp. yang difiksasi dengan larutan triethanolamine formaldehyde (TAF). Gejala khas hawar daun merupakan bercak klorotik yang meluas yang kemudian berubah berwarna kehitaman atau kadang-kadang keunguan yang dibatasi tulang-tulang daun. Secara mikroskopik bentuk tubuh betina Aphelenchoides sp. ramping dengan panjang tubuh berkisar 0,46 – 0,70 mm dan lebar tubuh rata-rata 15 µm; daerah vulva terletak 2/3 dari panjang tubuh diukur dari bagian anterior; stilet ramping, panjangnya 10 µm dengan “basal knobs” kecil tetapi jelas; metakorpus besar, menempati ¾ atau lebih dari lebar esophagus; daerah bibir tampak halus, menonjol, dan bagian depannya rata, dengan kontur hampir menyatu/bersambung dengan kontur tubuh; ujung ekornya berbentuk kerucut tajam memanjang dengan ujung meruncing seperti duri tumpul. Bentuk tubuh jantan pada dasarnya sama dengan ukuran dan bentuk betinanya; ekor agak melengkung kearah 45º - 90º ketika dalam keadaan relaks dan bentuk ujungnya meruncing seperti duri tumpul; spikul berbentuk duri mawar (“rose-thorne”). Persentase jumlah jantan dalam satu populasi umumnya banyak berkisar 34,7 – 38,9% dari populasi seluruhnya (jantan dan betina). Karakter-karakter gejala serangan, morfologi nematoda, dan ratio jantan-betina tersebut merupakan karakter spesies Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS, 1891) CHRISTIE 1932. Deteksi adanya spesies nematoda A. fragariae merupakan yang pertama kali dilaporkan di Indonesia, dan sambiloto sebagai inang A. fragariae juga pertama kali dilaporkan baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia. Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides fragariae, identifikasi, nematoda parasit ABSTRACT Determination of parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp. causing leaf blotch disease of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Leaf blotch disease by parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp. have been reported infected and causedleaf drops on sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Experiments of species determination of the nematode have been carried out in laboratorium, greenhouse and fields of IMACRI during the year 2005- 2006. Identification were done by observing its typical symptoms of the infected plants caused by the nematode and its nematode morphological characteristics microscopically on the semi-permanent preparats fixed by TAF (triethanolamine formaldehyde) solution. Typical symptoms of leaf blotch were began as chlorotic vein-deliminated areas which later changed to light brown, then dark brown and finally black; or sometimes purplish under field condition. Microscopically, the female was slender, 0.46 – 0.70 mm long and 15 µm width in average, the vulval region cited about 2/3 of the body length sized from anterior part; spear slender, 10 µm long with small and distinct basal knobs; large metacorpus occupying ¾ or more of the width of the esophagus; lip region almost continuous with body contour; the tail tip was elongate-conoid ending in a simple blunt spike. The male was abundant and essentially similar to size and shape of the female; tail arcuate through 45º to 90 when relaxed, with a simple blunt terminal spine; spicules rose-thorn shaped. Those described symptoms and morphological characters mentioned above were the typical characters of the species Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS, 1891) CHRISTIE 1932. Detection of species A. fragariae was the first report in Indonesia; and sambiloto as the natural host of A. fragariae was the first report in Indonesia and internationally. Key words: King of bitter, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides fragariae, parasitic nematode, identification

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