KAJIAN KELAYAKAN USAHATANI POLA TANAM SAMBILOTO DENGAN JAGUNG

ABSTRAK Sambiloto (Andrografis paniculata Nees) secara alami hidup subur di antara tegakan hutan. Hal ini megindikasikan bahwa tanaman ini toleran terhadap naungan. Kajian pola tanam jagung dan sambiloto diharapkan mendorong efisiensi produksi dan meningkatkan daya saing. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cimanggu Bogor pada tanah Latosol, ketinggian 240 m dpl, tipe iklim A. Penanaman pada bulan Nopember 2003 dan panen mulai bulan Maret 2004 selama 5 kali panen dengan selang setiap 2 bulan. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) 6 kali ulangan dengan 4 perlakuan, yaitu : (1) monokultur sambiloto, (2) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, (3) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 120 cm x 20 cm, (4) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm. Bibit sambiloto disemaikan selama 2 bulan dan ditanam dengan jarak tanam 30 cm x 40 cm, dipupuk dengan 10 ton pupuk kandang, 150 kg urea, 150 kg SP-36, dan 150 kg KCl per ha. Pupuk kandang, SP-36, dan KCl seluruhnya diberikan pada saat tanam. Urea diberikan masing-masing 1/3 bagian pada umur 0, 1, dan 2 BST (Bulan Sesudah Tanam). Untuk setiap ha tanaman jagung dipupuk dengan 5 ton pupuk kandang, 300 kg SP-36, dan 200 kg KCl yang diberikan pada saat tanam, dan 300 kg urea diberikan masing-masing 1/2 bagian pada umur 0, dan 1 BST. Benih jagung (Hibrida lokal R-01) ditanam 2 butir per lubang tanam, ditanam 2 kali selama musim tanam yaitu pertama 2 minggu sebelum penanaman sambiloto, dan penanaman kedua 75 hari setelah penanam jagung yang pertama. Data input-output usahatani dianalis secara deskriptif dilanjutkan dengan analisis B/C rasio dan sensitivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mutu simplisia semua pola tanam memenuhi standard Materia Medika Indonesia. Produktivitas sambiloto per m 2 makin menurun dengan kerapatan pola tanam; pada pola monokultur diperoleh hasil 1,1 kg/m 2 sedangkan pada pola tanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm menghasilkan 0,5 kg/m 2 terna basah. Produktivitas jagung per m 2  meningkat dengan makin rapatnya pola tanam yaitu mencapai 13,3 tongkol pada jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, dan 22,2 tongkol pada jarak tanam jagung 90 cm x 20 cm. Biaya produksi sambiloto sebagian besar untuk bibit (Rp. 300/tanaman); biaya bibit tertinggi pada pola tanam monokultur yaitu 66,5% dari total biaya usahatani dan terendah pada pola tanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm yaitu 36%. Untuk menekan biaya usahatani disarankan petani melakukan penyemaian benih sendiri. Pola tanam sambiloto dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm, paling layak secara finansial dengan pendapatan bersih mencapai Rp1.188.360 dan B/C rasio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 lahan dan memberikan sumbangan lebih dari 20% terhadap pendapatan petani sebagai manager usahatani, mempunyai daya adaptasi yang cukup fleksibel terhadap perubahan biaya produksi dan harga produk, serta memberikan tambahan pendapatan bersih (keuntungan sebesar) Rp.51.675/1.000 m 2 lahan dibandingkan pola monokultur. Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, jagung, polatanam, usahatani, produksi, Jawa Barat ABSTRACT Feasibility study of king bitter and corn cropping pattern King bitter (Andrografis paniculata Nees) is naturally grown wildly under forest trees. This indicates that the plant is shade tolerant. The cropping pattern of the plant with corn was expected to improve its production efficiency and compatibility. The experiment was conducted in the Cimanggu Experimental Garden Bogor, Latosol soil type, elevation 240 m above sea level, climate type A of Schmidt and Fergusson. Planting was done November 2003. The experiment was designed in a randomized block with 6 replications. Treatments were (1) monoculture of king bitter cropping pattern, (2) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20 cm) cropping pattern, (3) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 120 cm x 20 cm) cropping pattern, (4) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm) cropping pattern. King bitter was planted at 30 cm x 40 cm spacing, fertilized with 10 tons manure + 150 kg SP-36 + 150 kg KCl and 150 kg urea fertilizer was applied one of third dosage in 0, 1, and 2 months after planting. Corn was grown twice during the experiment; first was planted 2 weeks prior to planting of the king bitter, and second was 75 days after the first planting. Corn was fertilized with 5 tons manure + 300 kg SP36 + 200 kg KCl per ha, and 300 kg urea fertilizer was applied half dosage in 0, and 1 months after planting. First harvest of the king bitter was done in March 2004, followed with 5 harvests every 2 months. Farming efficiency was analyzed using descriptive analysis, B/C ratio and sensitivity analysis. The results showed that quality of dry raw material of king bitter matched with MMI standard. Productivity of king bitter decreased by the increasing population of corn in cropping pattern, in monoculture bitter king productivity was 1.1 kg/m 2 decreased to 0.5 kg/m 2 in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm). In opposite, the productivity of corn increased by the increasing population of corn in cropping pattern, that were 13.3 cobs/m 2 in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20 cm) increased to 22.2 cobs /m 2  in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm). Most of king bitter production cost (Rp. 300/polybag),is for seedlings. In monoculture of king bitter, seedling cost of king bitter was 66,5% of production cost, and in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm) the seedling cost was 36% of production cost. To reduce production cost, farmers suggested to produce the seedlings by themselves. The study suggested that the best cropping pattern was king bitter planted with corn at 90 cm x 20 cm planting space. This cropping pattern financially acceptable as it raised income as much as Rp.1,188,360, B/C ratio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 and gave more then 20% of management income which was more adaptable to fluctuation production cost and price of product, and gave Rp. 51,675/1.000 m 2  net benefit compared to monoculture of king bitter Key words: Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, corn, cropping pattern, farming, production, West Java