PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI DAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI KAPAS MELALUI PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI PENGENDALIAN HAMA TERPADU (PHT)

ABSTRAK Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Pongkah, Kecamatan Tellusiatinge, Kabupaten Bone, Sulawesi Selatan, bulan April sampai dengan Nopember 2001. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk (a) mengetahui besarnya biaya produksi dan pendapatan usahatani kapas antara petani kapas binaan dan petani kapas non binaan, (b) mengetahui tingkat adopsi teknologi pada usahatani kapas binaan, dan (c) mengetahui kendala yang dihadapi dalam proses adopsi teknologi PHT yang dianjurkan. Lokasi penelitian dipilih secara sengaja (purposive) dengan pertimbangan bahwa Kabupaten Bone merupakan salah satu sentra produksi kapas di Sulawesi Selatan. Dua perlakuan yang dibandingkan terdiri dari petani kapas peserta PHT sebagai petani kapas binaan ditentukan secara sengaja sebanyak 87 petani pada hamparan lahan kering seluas 51 ha. Sebagai pembanding diambil secara acak sederhana (simple random sampling) sebanyak 60 petani kapas non binaan dengan luas lahan 33 ha. Komponen teknologi yang dianjurkan pada petani PHT adalah : (a) benih kapas tanpa kabu-kabu, (b) tanam kapas varietas toleran wereng (Kanesia 7), (c) tanam tepat waktu, (d) penanaman jagung sebagai perangkap hama, (e) penggunaan serasah, (f) konservasi gulma penarik parasitoid, dan (g) penyemprotan berdasar hasil panduan. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi : (1) populasi arthropoda perusak dan berguna, (2) biaya saprodi dan tenaga kerja, (3) hasil kapas berbiji, (4) tingkat adopsi teknologi, (5) kendala penerapan teknologi PHT. Data di analisis menggunakan model analisis diskriptif dan usahatani enterprise. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi predator pada serasah di areal kapas binaan mencapai 178,57 ekor per 0,35m 3 onggokan serasah, dan populasi pada tanaman kapas 11,62 ekor per 25 tanaman kapas. Produksi kapas berbiji yang diperoleh petani binaan dan petani non binaan masing-masing sebesar 1435 kg/ha dan 588 kg/ha, dengan pendapatan atas biaya tunai masing-masing sebesar Rp. 2.330.648 dan Rp. 279.273. Tingkat adopsi petani dalam penerapan teknologi PHT baru mencapai 70%. Secara umum kendala yang dihadapi adalah (1) petani masih belum menguasai teknologi bertanam kapas, termasuk teknologi PHT karena minimnya ketersediaan modal, (2) benih yang ditanam petani daya tumbuhnya hanya 20-40%, dan (3) petani menghendaki harga kapas tinggi. Kata kunci : Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum, adopsi teknologi, pendapatan ABSTRACT Increasing production and farmer’s income through integrated pest management application This research was conducted in Pongkah, Tellusiatinge District, Bone, South Sulawesi from April to November 2001. The aims of this research were to (a) determine the production cost and income from cotton cultivation between the trained cotton farmer and non-trained cotton farmer, and (b) determine the level of technology adoption among the trained cotton farmers and (c) investigate constraints in adopting the technology of integrated pest management (IPM) which had been suggested for the implementation by the farmers. The location was purposively selected based on the consideration that the Bone regency was one of the main area of cotton cultivation in the South Sulawesi. Two groups were compared in this study. These groups were 87 trained farmers who cultivated 51 hectares of dry field and 60 non-trained farmers, who cultivated 33 hectares of dry field. The technology implemented by the trained farmers were (a) the use of delinted seed , (b) the use of resistant cotton variety to Sundapteryx biguttula (Kanesia 7), (c) timely planting, (d) planting corn to trap the pest, (e) using mulch (corn stalk waste), (f) conservation of weeds to attracts parasitoid, and (g) insecticide spraying based on scouting system. The data gathered in this study included: (1) population of arthropods, both pest and non-pest, (2) the cost of production and labor, (3) the yield of cotton, (4) the level of technology adoption, and (5) the constraints in adopting PHT technology. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and farming enterprise. The results of the analysis showed that the population of predators on the mulch in the field cultivated by trained farmers was 178.57insects 0.35 m 3 and in non-trained farmer field was 11.62 insects/25 plants. The yields of cotton between trained and non-trained farmers was 1435 kg/ha and 55 kg/ha, resulting in cash income of Rp. 2,330,648.00 and Rp. 279,273.00. The level of technology adoption for trained farmers was 70 percent and the constraints were: (1) lack of knowledge in applying PHT technology due to insufficient capital, (2) germination rate of seeds planted by non-trained farmers was only 20-40 percent, (3) the low price of cotton. Key words: Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, technology adoption, income