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PENAMPILAN HASIL PERSILANGAN NOMOR-NOMOR HARAPAN JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Author(s) -
Nurliani Bermawie,
Sri Wahyuni
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
jurnal penelitian tanaman industri (industrial crops research journal)/jurnal penelitian tanaman industri
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2528-6870
pISSN - 0853-8212
DOI - 10.21082/jlittri.v11n2.2005.43-51
Subject(s) - physics , horticulture , biology
ABSTRAK Jambu mete merupakan tanaman introduksi yang telah beradaptasi dan berkembang dengan baik di Indonesia, namun sampai saat ini produktivitas dan mutunya masih rendah. Untuk meningkatkan produk- tivitas dan mutu gelondong telah dilakukan persilangan dari tahun 1994 sampai 1995 antara nomor harapan dengan produksi tinggi namun berberat gelondong kecil (C-Wonogiri, F-Jepara, M-Madura dan A-Tegineneng) dengan nomor yang memiliki berat gelondong besar (S-Segayung). Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Muktiharjo, Pati, Jawa Tengah. Sebanyak sepuluh kombinasi hasil persilangan tetua betina dengan tetua jantan yaitu CxF, CxM, CxA, CxS, FxM, FxA, FxS, MxA, MxS, AxS, dan tetuanya ditanam pada tahun 1996 menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok, dengan jarak tanam 6 x 6 meter, diulang tiga kali dengan jumlah tanaman per unit 6 tanaman. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap tinggi tanaman, lingkar batang, lebar kanopi, produksi dan berat gelondong. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa pada empat tahun pertama, pertumbuhan tanaman yaitu tinggi dan lebar tajuk sangat pesat. Memasuki masa produksi pertumbuhan agak melambat. Pada awal pertumbuhan, tinggi dan lebar tajuk antar kombinasi persilangan bervariasi, namun setelah memasuki usia produksi tinggi dan lebar tajuk tanaman relatif sama, kecuali pada kombinasi FxM dan MxS tanamannya lebih pendek serta CxF dan MxS memiliki tajuk sempit. Pada awal produksi kombinasi CxA dan FxS memiliki produksi tertinggi, namun pada tahun ke-6 setelah tanam produksi tertinggi adalah FxS dan CxS. Kombinasi persilangan dengan tetua jantan S menghasilkan tanaman yang memiliki buah semu dan berat gelondong yang lebih besar yaitu 7,10 – 8,41 g per butir dengan berat kernel 2,03 – 2,33 g/butir, berat gelondong tetua lokal (3-4 g/butir). Persilangan dengan S dapat memperbaiki sifat berat gelondong sebesar 77,5 – 112% dari tetua lokal, sekalipun demikian berat gelondong tersebut masih di bawah berat gelondong tetua S (11 – 13 g/butir). Tetua S cocok digunakan sebagai tetua untuk meningkatkan mutu gelondong (berat) pada tanaman jambu mete. Kata kunci : Jambu mete, Anacardium occidentale L., persilangan, hibrida, hasil, mutu, Jawa Tengah ABSTRACT Growth, yield and quality performances of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) resulted from hybridization Cashew is not an Indonesian native plant. Although it has been well adapted and widely cultivated in Indonesia, its productivity and nut quality is still low. To improve productivity and nut quality, ten crossing combinations were made among and between high yielding lines with small nut size (C-Wonogiri, F-Jepara, M-Madura and A-Tegineneng) and a line with big nut size (S-Segayung). The crosses were made from 1994 to 1995 at Muktihardjo Experimental Garden, Pati, Central Java. Ten hybrid combinations, i.e. CxF, CxM, CxA, CxS, FxM, FxA, FxS, MxA, MxS, AxS, and its parents were planted in 1996 in a randomized block design with three replications, plant spacing 6 x 6 m and 6 plants per unit. Parameters observed were growth rates indicated by plant height, canopy size and trunk circumference and yield and nut weight. The hybrid plants showed fast vegetative growth indicated by increase in plant height, trunk circumference and canopy diameter with more than 1.5 m per year at the first four years, then decline when entered the reproductive stage. Growth rate at the vegetative stage varied among crossing combinations, then tend to be similar at the reproductive stage, except for FxM and MxS, the plants were smaller that the others. At the first few bearing years, CxA and FxS produced high yield, but at 6 years after planting, the highest yield was obtained from FxS and CxS combinations. Crossing combination with S as the male parent showed variation in fruit and nut weight, 7,10 – 8,41 g per nut with kernel weight 2.03 – 2.33 g, bigger than the nut weight of the local varieties (3-4 g). Crossing with S as the male parent improved nut weight of the local varieties by 77,5 – 112%, but the weight was still below the nut weight of the S parent (11 – 13 g/nut). The S parent is suitable as the male parent for improving nut quality in cashew. Key words: Cashew, Anacardium accidentale L., intervariety crossing, hybrid, yield, quality, Central Java

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