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Teori Gradasi : Komparasi Antara Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi Dan Mulla Sadra
Author(s) -
Benny Susilo
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
kanz philosophia
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2442-5451
pISSN - 2407-1056
DOI - 10.20871/kpjipm.v5i2.139
Subject(s) - gradation , differential (mechanical device) , point (geometry) , mathematics , physics , computer science , thermodynamics , geometry , artificial intelligence
Prior to Mullā Ṣadrā, the discussion of the gradation (al-tashkīk) was limited on the category of quality and that of quantity, both are known as the differential gradation (al-tashkīk al- tafāḍulī). In Ibn Sīnā’s point of view, the gradation occurs in the accidental matters (al-tashkīk fī al-‘araḍī) while in Suhrawardi’s, it occurs in the quiddity (al-tashkīk fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Ṣadrā rejects both views and proves that essentially (bi al-dhāt) the gradation, in the specific sense,  occurs  in  the  reality  of  existence  (tashkīk  fī  ḥaqīqat  al-wujūd), while the gradation in the general sense just follows (bi  al-ilḥaq) it.  Using descriptive-analytical method and comparative approache, this article is aimed to show the meeting points as well as separating ones of the thoughts of the three philosophers concerning gradation; also, to point out that after proving the oneness in the reality of existence and asserting the differential gradation in it, Mullā Ṣadrā proceeds to elaborate two other kinds of gradation:  (1) that which is more specific than the differential gradation, i.e., the causal gradation (al-tashkīk al-‘illī), and (2) that which is outside of the differential gradation, i.e., the accidental gradation.Keywords :  gradation,  the  gradation  in  matters,    the  causal  gradation,  the  accidental gradation.   Pembahasan  gradasi  (al-tasykīk)  sebelum  periode  Mullā  Shadrā  terbatas  pada  kategori kualitas  dan  kuantitas,  atau  dikenal  dengan  istilah  gradasi  diferensial  (al-tasykīk  al- tafādhulī).  Dalam  pandangan  Ibn  Sīnā,  gradasi  terjadi  pada  hal-hal  aksidental  (al-tasykīk fī  al-‘aradhī);  sementara  menurut  Suhrawardī,  gradasi  terjadi  pada  quiditas  (al-tasykīk  fī al-māhiyyah). Mullā Shadrā menolak kedua pandangan tersebut dan membuktikan bahwa gradasi, dalam makna spesifik,  secara esensial (bi al-dzāt) terjadi pada hakikat eksistensi (tasykīk  fī  ḥaqīqat  al-wujūd), sedangkan gradasi dalam makna umum terjadi tidak secara esensial melainkan hanya mengikuti (bi al-ilḥaq). Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif- analitis dan pendekatan komparatif, ulasan artikel ini ditujukan untuk memperlihatkan titik temu dan perbedaan pandangan ketiga filsuf tersebut seputar gradasi; juga, menunjukkan  bagaimana  Mullā  Shadrā,  setelah  membuktikan  klaim  adanya  kesatuan  dan  gradasi diferensial  pada  hakikat  eksistensi,  melanjutkan  mengelaborasi  dua  gradasi  lainnya:  (1) pertama, gradasi yang lebih spesifik (akhashsh) dari gradasi diferensial, yaitu gradasi kausal (al-tasykīk al-‘illī); dan, (2) kedua, gradasi di luar gradasi direfensial, yaitu gradasi aksidental (al-tasykīk al-‘aradhi).  Kata-kata Kunci : gradasi, gradasi dalam materi, gradasi kausal, gradasi aksidental. 

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