Genomic sequencing, evolution and molecular epidemiology of rabies virus

Advances in sequencing techniques, improved computational methods of sequence interrogation and more accurate collection of epidemiological data through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology are improving our ability to monitor rabies outbreaks and better understand the processes that affect viral spread, evolution and host restriction. Whole-genome sequencing of rabies viruses (RABVs), using a range of different methodological approaches, is becoming more widespread and permits evolutionary and epidemiological studies at an unprecedented rate. Such studies are yielding insights into the fundamental processes of viral evolution, including molecular mechanisms of host adaptation and viral emergence in novel hosts. In addition, sequence data are revealing the importance of both landscape features and anthropomorphic activities as drivers of rabies spread; knowledge that is crucial for disease control efforts. This review summarises the state of the RABV genomics field and suggests how the above-mentioned approaches can be used to further understand and develop intervention strategies for rabies in the future.