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Periodontal Inflammatory Conditions Among Smokers and Never‐Smokers With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Author(s) -
Javed Fawad,
AlKheraif Abdulaziz A.,
SalazarLazo Karem,
YanezFontenla Virginia,
Aldosary Khalid M.,
Alshehri Mohammed,
Malmstrom Hans,
Romanos Georgios E.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of periodontology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.036
H-Index - 156
eISSN - 1943-3670
pISSN - 0022-3492
DOI - 10.1902/jop.2015.150120
Subject(s) - medicine , bleeding on probing , diabetes mellitus , type 2 diabetes mellitus , clinical attachment loss , oral hygiene , periodontitis , gastroenterology , dentistry , endocrinology
Background : There is a dearth of studies regarding the influence of cigarette smoking on periodontal inflammatory conditions among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study is to assess periodontal inflammatory conditions among smokers and never‐smokers with and without T2DM. Methods: One hundred individuals (50 patients with T2DM [25 smokers and 25 never‐smokers] and 50 controls [25 smokers and 25 never‐smokers]) were included. Information regarding age, sex, duration and daily frequency of smoking, duration and treatment of diabetes, and oral hygiene was recorded using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL], and marginal bone loss [MBL]) were measured. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were also recorded. Results: Mean age, monthly income status, and education levels were comparable among smokers and never‐smokers with and without T2DM. Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher among patients with T2DM (8.2% ± 0.1%) compared with controls (4.4% ± 0.3%) ( P <0.05). Smokers in the control group were smoking significantly greater numbers of cigarettes (15.5 ± 2.5 cigarettes daily) compared with smokers with T2DM (6.2 ± 2.1 cigarettes daily) ( P <0.05). Periodontal parameters were comparable among smokers and never‐smokers with T2DM. Among controls, periodontal parameters (PI [ P <0.05], AL [ P <0.05], PD ≥4 mm [ P <0.05], and MBL [ P <0.05]) were significantly higher in smokers than never‐smokers. Never‐smokers with T2DM had worse periodontal status than smokers and never‐smokers in the control group ( P <0.05). Conclusions: Periodontal inflammatory conditions are comparable among smokers and never‐smokers with T2DM. Among controls, periodontal inflammation is worse among smokers than never‐smokers.