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Bioluminescence inhibition assays for toxicity screening of wood extractives and biocides in paper mill process waters
Author(s) -
Rigol Anna,
Latorre Anna,
Lacorte Silvia,
Barceló Damià
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
environmental toxicology and chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.1
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1552-8618
pISSN - 0730-7268
DOI - 10.1897/02-632
Subject(s) - biocide , effluent , chemistry , paper mill , ec50 , nonylphenol , kraft process , chromatography , environmental chemistry , triclosan , toxicity , acute toxicity , pulp (tooth) , bisphenol a , pulp mill , pulp and paper industry , kraft paper , waste management , organic chemistry , biochemistry , medicine , epoxy , pathology , engineering , in vitro
The risk associated with wood extractives, biocides, and other additives in pulp and paper mill effluents was evaluated by performing a characterization of process waters and effluents in terms of toxicity and chemical analysis. The individual toxicity of 10 resin acids, two unsaturated fatty acids, and three biocides was estimated by measuring the bioluminescence inhibition with a ToxAlert® 100 system. Median effective concentration values (EC50) of 4.3 to 17.9, 1.2 to 1.5, and 0.022 to 0.50 mg/L were obtained, respectively. Mixtures of these three families of compounds showed antagonistic effects. Chemical analysis of process waters was performed by liquid chromatography‐and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Biocides such as 2‐(thiocyanome‐thylthio)‐benzotiazole (TCMTB) (EC50 = 0.022 mg/L) and 2,2‐dibromo‐3‐nitrilpropionamide (DBNPA) (EC50 = 0.50 mg/L) were the most toxic compounds tested and were detected at concentrations of 16 and 59 μg/L, respectively, in a closed‐circuit recycling paper mill. Process waters from kraft pulp mills, printing paper mills, and packing board paper mills showed the highest concentration of resin acids (up to 400 μg/L) and accounted for inhibition percentages up to 100%. Detergent degradation products such as nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) and the plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) were also detected in the waters at levels of 0.6 to 10.6, 0.3 to 1.4, and 0.7 to 187 μg/L, respectively. However, once these waters were biologically treated, the concentration of detected organic compounds diminished and the toxicity decreased in most cases to values of inhibition lower than 20%.