Open AccessPeeping into the Emerging Threat of Novel Influenza D Virus: A Review
Author(s) -
Muhammad Zeeshan Akram,
Murtaza Ali,
Muhammad Kashif,
Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque,
Aman U. Khan,
Waqas Ahmad,
Hassan Jalal,
Muhammad Zahid Farooq,
Attia Qamar,
H.M. Khizer Aziz,
Zohaib Shahid
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
agricultural reviews
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 0976-0741
pISSN - 0253-1496
DOI - 10.18805/ag.r-190
Subject(s) - virus , pandemic , influenza a virus , epidemiology , animal species , one health , human health , disease , biology , environmental health , virology , public health , medicine , covid-19 , infectious disease (medical specialty) , zoology , pathology
In 2011, a new virus was isolated from swine with influenza-like symptoms in Oklahoma, USA. Later in 2013, it was also evidenced in cattle, considered as its natural reservoir, elsewhere in the USA. This new virus has certain resemblance with Influenza C virus (ICV), predominately a human pathogen. Due to its inability to re-assort with ICV, it is now classified as Influenza D virus (IDV) and is a new candidate in the Orthomyxoviridae family. It causes mild respiratory disease in several animal species and replicates in both upper and lower respiratory tract. To date, serological evidence was demonstrated in various animal species and humans in all continents except Australia. It is transmitted through direct contact or through aerosol routes. Not much is known about its potential impact to animal and human health but it poses a potential risk as an emerging threat to cattle-workers. Currently, limited data is available on its global occurrence and distribution. Therefore, in current review, we summarize the global available data regarding epidemiology, pathology, zoonotic potential and future perspectives of this virus. In conclusion, continuous surveillance and risk assessment of this emerging virus is required.