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Objectives: The study aimed to examine the long-term effects of parenting practice during preschool years on children’s movement performance in primary school. Methods: This study involved a three-year longitudinal study including 225 children aged 3–6 years old. Parents reported baseline parenting practice and evaluated children’s movement performance three years later. Latent class analysis was used to explore latent classes of movement performance. A post hoc test was used to identify the characteristics of different patterns. Finally, adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were used to test the influence of parenting practice on identified patterns of movement performance. Results: Children in this study were grouped into three movement performance pattens, labelled as ‘least difficulties’ (58.2%, n = 131), ‘low back pain’ (30.2%, n = 68), and ‘most difficulties’ (11.6%, n = 26). After controlling for age, gender, having siblings or not, family structure, BMI SDS, sleep condition and dietary habits, we found that if parents played games with children frequently, the children would have a 0.287 times lower probability of being in the ‘low back pain’ class, 95%CI [0.105, 0.783], and if parents take children to meet peers of a similar age frequently, the children would have a 0.339 times lower probability of being in ‘most difficulties’ class, 95%CI [0.139, 0.825]. Conclusions: Primary healthcare providers should pay careful attention to children with movement difficulties. The study provides longitudinal evidence to support the applicability of positive parenting practice in early childhood to prevent children’s movement difficulties.&#x0D;Keywords: Movement performance; Parenting practice; Latent class analysis; Child; Longitudinal study; Japan.

Patterns of Movement Performance among Japanese Children and Effects of Parenting Practices