Vascular conflicts in andrology. Part 2. Lower level arteryovenous conflicts

This paper presents a review of the literature on the prevalence, classification, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of lower level arteriovenous conflicts. New approaches in the treatment of both arteriovenous conflicts and comorbid diseases such as varicocele, varicose veins of the pelvic organs, venogenic erectile dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain syndrome are presented. The data of the literature review can form the basis for the revision of approaches to the management of patients with varicocele, erectile dysfunction and chronic recurrent prostatitis. It is shown that x-ray surgical embolization of prostatic plexus veins alone or in combination with testicular vein embolization, angioplasty and iliac vein stenting is possible only at the junction of urology, andrology and x-ray surgery.