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Interictal epileptiform discharges in sleep and the role of the thalamus in Encephalopathy related to Status Epilepticus during slow Sleep
Author(s) -
Gibbs Steve A.,
Nobili Lino,
Halász Péter
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
epileptic disorders
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.673
H-Index - 53
eISSN - 1950-6945
pISSN - 1294-9361
DOI - 10.1684/epd.2019.1058
Subject(s) - status epilepticus , ictal , thalamus , sleep (system call) , medicine , electroencephalography , neuroscience , anesthesia , psychology , epilepsy , audiology , computer science , operating system
EEG activation of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) during NREM sleep is a well‐described phenomenon that occurs in the majority of epileptic syndromes. In drug‐resistant focal epilepsy, IED activation seems to be related to slow wave activity (SWA), especially during arousal fluctuations, namely phase A of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP). Conversely, in childhood focal epileptic syndromes, including Encephalopathy related to Status Epilepticus during slow Sleep (ESES), IED activation seems primarily modulated by sleep‐inducing and maintaining mechanisms as reflected by the dynamics of spindle frequency activity (SFA) rather than SWA. In this article, we will review the effect of sleep on IEDs with a particular attention on the activation and modulation of IEDs in ESES. Finally, we will discuss the role of the thalamus and cortico‐thalamic circuitry in this syndrome.