Open AccessEnhanced Reprogramming of Xist by Induced Upregulation of Tsix and Dnmt3a
Author(s) -
Do Jeong Tae,
Han Dong Wook,
Gentile Luca,
SobekKlocke Inge,
Stehling Martin,
Schöler Hans R.
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
stem cells
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.159
H-Index - 229
eISSN - 1549-4918
pISSN - 1066-5099
DOI - 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0482
Subject(s) - biology , reprogramming , xist , downregulation and upregulation , microbiology and biotechnology , genetics , cell , gene , x inactivation , x chromosome
Reactivation of Oct4 gene expression occurs within 2 days of fusion of somatic cells with pluripotent stem cells and within 9 days of postinfection of four transcription factors. We sought to determine whether somatic genome reprogramming is completed by the onset of Oct4 reactivation. The complex regulation of the reactivation of inactive X chromosome (Xi) serves as a model for studying reprogramming of chromatin domains. A time‐course analysis of the DNA methylation, gene expression, and X inactivation‐specific transcript ( Xist )/ Tsix RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that expression of pluripotency‐ and tissue‐specific marker genes was reset to the level of pluripotent stem cells within 2 days of fusion, whereas reprogramming of Xist /reactivation of Xi took at least 9 days. We found that trichostatin A, which normally activates gene expression, results in downregulation of Xist. This is due to activation of Dnmt3a and Tsix , two negative regulators of Xist . Moreover, delayed reprogramming of Xist /reactivation of inactive X chromosome after cell fusion was accelerated by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation of Xist , which follow upregulation of Dnmt3a and Tsix . Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.