Open AccessChondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans and Microglia Prevent Migration and Integration of Grafted Müller Stem Cells into Degenerating Retina
Author(s) -
Singhal Shweta,
Lawrence Jean M.,
Bhatia Bhairavi,
Ellis James S.,
Kwan Anthony S.,
MacNeil Angus,
Luthert Philip J.,
Fawcett James W.,
Perez MariaThereza,
Khaw Peng T.,
Limb G. Astrid
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
stem cells
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.159
H-Index - 229
eISSN - 1549-4918
pISSN - 1066-5099
DOI - 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0898
Subject(s) - retina , outer nuclear layer , biology , microglia , transplantation , chondroitin sulfate , stem cell , microbiology and biotechnology , inner plexiform layer , ganglion cell layer , chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan , anatomy , immunology , medicine , glycosaminoglycan , neuroscience , inflammation
Abstract At present, there are severe limitations to the successful migration and integration of stem cells transplanted into the degenerated retina to restore visual function. This study investigated the potential role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and microglia in the migration of human Müller glia with neural stem cell characteristics following subretinal injection into the Lister hooded (LH) and Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat retinae. Neonate LH rat retina showed minimal baseline microglial accumulation (CD68‐positive cells) that increased significantly 2 weeks after transplantation ( p < .001), particularly in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer. In contrast, nontransplanted 5‐week‐old RCS rat retina showed considerable baseline microglial accumulation in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and photoreceptor outer segment debris zone (DZ) that further increased ( p < .05) throughout the retina 2 weeks after transplantation. Marked deposition of the N‐terminal fragment of CSPGs, as well as neurocan and versican, was observed in the DZ of 5‐week‐old RCS rat retinae, which contrasted with the limited expression of these proteins in the GCL of the adult and neonate LH rat retinae. Staining for CSPGs and CD68 revealed colocalization of these two molecules in cells infiltrating the ONL and DZ of the degenerating RCS rat retina. Enhanced immune suppression with oral prednisolone and intraperitoneal injections of indomethacin caused a reduction in the number of microglia but did not facilitate Müller stem cell migration. However, injection of cells with chondroitinase ABC combined with enhanced immune suppression caused a dramatic increase in the migration of Müller stem cells into all the retinal cell layers. These observations suggest that both microglia and CSPGs constitute a barrier for stem cell migration following transplantation into experimental models of retinal degeneration and that control of matrix deposition and the innate microglial response to neural retina degeneration may need to be addressed when translating cell‐based therapies to treat human retinal disease. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.