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Previous murine studies have suggested that retroviral multidrug resistance 1 ( MDR1 ) gene transfer may be associated with a myeloproliferative disorder. Analyses at a clonal level and prolonged long‐term follow‐up in a model with more direct relevance to human biology were lacking. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of individual CD34‐selected peripheral blood progenitor cells to long‐term rhesus macaque hematopoiesis after transduction with a retroviral vector either expressing the multidrug resistance 1 gene ( HaMDR1  vector) or expressing the neomycin resistance ( NeoR ) gene ( G1Na  vector). We found a total of 122 contributing clones from 8 weeks up to 4 years after transplantation. One hundred two clones contained the  G1Na  vector, whereas only 20 clones contained the  HaMDR1  vector. Here, we show for the first time real‐time polymerase chain reaction based quantification of individual transduced cell clones constituting 0.0008% ± 0.0003% to 0.0041% ± 0.00032% of primate peripheral blood cells. No clonal dominance was observed.  Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.

stem cells

No Evidence of Clonal Dominance in Primates up to 4 Years Following Transplantation of Multidrug Resistance 1 Retrovirally Transduced Long‐Term Repopulating Cells