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Distribution and Stability of Potential Salmonid Spawning Gravels in Steep Boulder‐Bed Streams of the Eastern Sierra Nevada
Author(s) -
Kondolf G. M.,
Cada G. F.,
Sale M. J.,
Felando T.
Publication year - 1991
Publication title -
transactions of the american fisheries society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.696
H-Index - 86
eISSN - 1548-8659
pISSN - 0002-8487
DOI - 10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0177:dasops>2.3.co;2
Subject(s) - snowmelt , streams , salmo , rainbow trout , brown trout , hydrology (agriculture) , geology , channel (broadcasting) , environmental science , geomorphology , fishery , snow , fish <actinopterygii> , biology , geotechnical engineering , computer network , computer science , engineering , electrical engineering
High‐gradient boulder‐bed streams have been the sites of relatively few studies of salmonid spawning habitat, although they have geomorphic and hydraulic characteristics—and therefore gravel distributions—that are quite different from the more commonly described lowergradient channels. We documented gravel distribution in seven high‐gradient stream reaches in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Gravels occurred only in locations characterized by relatively low shear stress; they formed small pockets in sites of flow divergence and larger deposits upstream of natural hydraulic controls. In 1986 (a wet year), all tracer gravels placed in gravel pockets at nine sites on four streams were completely swept away, and substantial scour, fill, and other channel changes occurred at many sites. In 1987 (a dry year), tracer gravels and the channel cross sections were generally stable. Periodic mobility of gravel may explain why brown trout Salmo trutta are more abundant than rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the study reaches, where high flows occur every May and June during snowmelt. Brown trout are fall spawners, and their fry emerge long before the high snowmelt flows, whereas rainbow trout are spring spawners whose eggs are in the gravel, and thus vulnerable to scour, during snowmelt flows.