Konsep Makkîyah dan Madanîyah dalam Studi Hadîth: Menggagas Pemetaan Kronologis Hadîth Nabawî

The Qur’ânic Studies have long recognized the conceptual dichotomy of Makkîyah and Madaniyah where verses are classified as either belonging to the period of Makkah or Madinah. This paper suggests that this conceptual dichotomy may also be applied in the study of the science of the prophetic saying (hadîth). We propose that paradigm of the Qur’ânic Studies concerning the periodical distinction may be borrowed to understand and classify the prophetic sayings along the line of Makkîyah and Madanîyah. The paper however acknowledges this effort is not without methodological difficulties. There are hadîth that may –in terms of their characteristics and substance- be regarded as Makkî, but may also be considered as Madani because they are narrated by the people of Madinah (the Ansâr). To tackle this problem, we propose double-way strategy. We will first find out which hadîths are regarded as Makkî in terms of their characteristics and substance, and then examine the idea of what many have called the “argumentation of the prophetic term”. The first is about the thematic study, while the second is about the analysis of the term of a hadîth. The first will involve the consultation of mainly the hadîth authoritative book called Miftâh Kunûz al-Sunnah, while the second will consult those books that employ the personal-encyclopedic approach including books of hadîth, the sciences of the Qur’ân (tafsîr), the reason of revelation (asbâb al-nuzûl), the reason of decreeing (asbâb al-wurûd), and the autobiography of the prophet (sîrah). The meaning of a hadîth and its appropriation in these books will be analyzed in the light of the science of hadîth. The paper will examine how different scientists of tafsir, hadîth and so on would understand and interpret the same hadîth.