Modulating the expression of long non‐coding RNA s for functional studies

Long non‐coding RNA s (lnc RNA s) have emerged as important regulators of cell biology. The mechanisms by which lnc RNA s function are likely numerous, and most are poorly understood. Currently, the mechanisms of functional lnc RNA s include those that directly involve the lnc RNA transcript, the process of their own transcription and splicing, and even underlying transcriptional regulatory elements within the genomic DNA that encodes the lnc RNA . As our understanding of lnc RNA biology evolves, so have the methods that are utilized to elucidate their functions. In this review, we survey a collection of different methods used to modulate lnc RNA expression levels for the assessment of biological function. From RNA ‐targeted strategies, genetic deletions, to engineered gene regulatory systems, the advantages and caveats of each method will be discussed. Ultimately, the selection of tools will be guided by which potential lnc RNA mechanisms are being investigated, and no single method alone will likely be sufficient to reveal the function of any particular lnc RNA .