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The ins and outs of endoplasmic reticulum‐controlled lipid biosynthesis
Author(s) -
Jacquemyn Julie,
Cascalho Ana,
Goodchild Rose E
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
embo reports
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.584
H-Index - 184
eISSN - 1469-3178
pISSN - 1469-221X
DOI - 10.15252/embr.201643426
Subject(s) - endoplasmic reticulum , biosynthesis , lipid metabolism , microbiology and biotechnology , chemistry , biochemistry , biology , gene
Endoplasmic reticulum ( ER )‐localized enzymes synthesize the vast majority of cellular lipids. The ER therefore has a major influence on cellular lipid biomass and balances the production of different lipid categories, classes, and species. Signals from outside and inside the cell are directed to ER ‐localized enzymes, and lipid enzyme activities are defined by the integration of internal, homeostatic, and external information. This allows ER ‐localized lipid synthesis to provide the cell with membrane lipids for growth, proliferation, and differentiation‐based changes in morphology and structure, and to maintain membrane homeostasis across the cell. ER enzymes also respond to physiological signals to drive carbohydrates and nutritionally derived lipids into energy‐storing triglycerides. In this review, we highlight some key regulatory mechanisms that control ER ‐localized enzyme activities in animal cells. We also discuss how they act in concert to maintain cellular lipid homeostasis, as well as how their dysregulation contributes to human disease.