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An Alternative Approach to Reciprocity 1
Author(s) -
LEBRA TAKIE SUGIYAMA
Publication year - 1975
Publication title -
american anthropologist
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.51
H-Index - 85
eISSN - 1548-1433
pISSN - 0002-7294
DOI - 10.1525/aa.1975.77.3.02a00050
Subject(s) - reciprocity (cultural anthropology) , generosity , norm of reciprocity , courtesy , reciprocal , social psychology , transitive relation , complementarity (molecular biology) , social exchange theory , solidarity , asymmetry , psychology , strong reciprocity , sociology , mathematics , mathematical economics , political science , philosophy , law , game theory , linguistics , combinatorics , physics , social capital , social science , biology , repeated game , politics , quantum mechanics , genetics
Reciprocity is defined as a subset of exchange characterized by inseparability of the objects exchanged from the partners in interaction. Sahlins' model of reciprocity, which equates kinship proximity, solidarity, and generosity, is brought into question. A solution to problems inherent in this model is sought in an elaboration of sociability into intimacy and courtesy conveying different social values, and in taking into consideration both the positive and negative manifestations of sociability. The exchange aspect of reciprocity is characterized by two strains—one toward symmetry, and one toward asymmetry—operating simultaneously, alternately, in different cycles, or at different levels of communication. Asymmetric strain is accounted for by the convertibility of exchange objects and complementarity between partners. The dyadic reciprocity is extended to a triad which either reinforces or suppresses reciprocal expectations. Seven types of triadization are recognized: circular transference, lineal transference, unstructured transference, triadic sanction, brokerage, competition, and transitivity.