Open AccessSwimming‐related effects on cerebrovascular and cognitive function
Author(s) -
Shoemaker Lee.,
Wilson Luke C.,
Lucas Samuel J. E.,
Machado Liana,
Thomas Kate N.,
Cotter James D.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
physiological reports
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.918
H-Index - 39
ISSN - 2051-817X
DOI - 10.14814/phy2.14247
Subject(s) - medicine , cognition , heart rate , middle cerebral artery , cardiology , stroke (engine) , physical medicine and rehabilitation , anesthesia , physical therapy , blood pressure , ischemia , mechanical engineering , psychiatry , engineering
Both acute and regular exercise influence vascular and cognitive function. Upright aquatic exercise increases mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv mean ) and has been suggested as favorable for cerebrovascular adaptations. However, MCAv mean has not been reported during swimming. Thus, we examined the cerebrovascular and cognitive effects of swimming. Ten land‐based athletes (22 ± 5 years) and eight swimmers (19 ± 1 years) completed three cognitive tasks and four conditions that were used to independently and collectively delineate the swimming‐related factors (i.e., posture, immersion, CO 2 retention [end‐tidal CO 2 ; PETCO 2 ], and motor involvement). Measurements of MCAv mean and PETCO 2 were taken throughout each condition. Prone posture increased MCAv mean by 11% ( P < 0.01 vs. upright land). Water immersion independently increased MCAv mean when upright (12%; P < 0.01) but not prone ( P = 0.76). The consequent rise in PETCO 2 during head‐out, breast‐stroke swimming (50% heart rate range) independently increased MCAv mean by 14% ( P < 0.01), while the motor involvement of swimming per se did not significantly change MCAv mean ( P = 0.32). While accounting for sex, swimmers had ~17% lower MCAv mean during all rest conditions ( P ≤ 0.05). However, in a subset of participants, both groups had similar internal carotid artery diameters ( P = 0.99) and velocities ( P = 0.97). Water immersion per se did not alter cognition ( P ≥ 0.15), but 20 min of moderate‐intensity swimming improved visuomotor performance by 4% ( P = 0.03), regardless of athlete group ( P = 0.12). In conclusion, breast‐stroke swimming increased MCAv mean mostly due to postural and PETCO 2 effects, with minimal contributions from water immersion or motor activity. Lastly, swimming improved cognitive functioning acutely, regardless of athlete group. Future research should explore the chronic effects of swimming on cerebrovascular function and cognition, particularly in aging.