Open AccessDiscrimination of SARS-CoV-2 infected patient samples by detection dogs: A proof of concept study
Author(s) -
Jennifer L. Essler,
Sarah A. Kane,
P. S. Nolan,
Elikplim Akaho,
Amalia Z. Berna,
Annemarie DeAngelo,
Richard A. Berk,
Patricia Kaynaroglu,
Victoria L. Plymouth,
Ian D. Frank,
Susan R. Weiss,
Audrey Odom John,
Cynthia M. Otto
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
plos one
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.99
H-Index - 332
ISSN - 1932-6203
DOI - 10.1371/journal.pone.0250158
Subject(s) - saliva , urine , odor , covid-19 , medicine , economic shortage , virology , biology , linguistics , philosophy , disease , neuroscience , government (linguistics) , infectious disease (medical specialty)
While the world awaits a widely available COVID-19 vaccine, availability of testing is limited in many regions and can be further compounded by shortages of reagents, prolonged processing time and delayed results. One approach to rapid testing is to leverage the volatile organic compound (VOC) signature of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Detection dogs, a biological sensor of VOCs, were utilized to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 positive urine and saliva patient samples had a unique odor signature. The virus was inactivated in all training samples with either detergent or heat treatment. Using detergent-inactivated urine samples, dogs were initially trained to find samples collected from hospitalized patients confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, while ignoring samples collected from controls. Dogs were then tested on their ability to spontaneously recognize heat-treated urine samples as well as heat-treated saliva from hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Dogs successfully discriminated between infected and uninfected urine samples, regardless of the inactivation protocol, as well as heat-treated saliva samples. Generalization to novel samples was limited, particularly after intensive training with a restricted sample set. A unique odor associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection present in human urine as well as saliva, provides impetus for the development of odor-based screening, either by electronic, chemical, or biological sensing methods. The use of dogs for screening in an operational setting will require training with a large number of novel SARS-CoV-2 positive and confirmed negative samples.