Fecal pellets of giant clams as a route for transporting Symbiodiniaceae to corals

Because more than 80% of species of gamete-spawning corals, including most Acroporidae species, do not inherit Symbiodiniaceae from their parents, they must acquire symbiont cells from sources in their environment. To determine whether photosynthetically competent Symbiodiniaceae expelled as fecal pellets from giant clams are capable of colonizing corals, we conducted laboratory experiments in which planula larvae of Acropora tenuis were inoculated with the cells in fecal pellets obtained from Tridacna crocea . T . crocea fecal pellets were administered once a day, and three days later, cells of Symbiodiniaceae from the fecal pellets had been taken up by the coral larvae. T . crocea fecal pellets were not supplied from the 4 th day until the 8 th day, and the cell densities in the larvae increased until the 8 th day, which indicated the successful colonization by Symbiodiniaceae. The control group exhibited the highest mean percentage of larvae (100%) that were successfully colonized by culture strains of Symbiodiniaceae, and larvae inoculated with fecal pellets reached a colonization percentage of 66.7 ~ 96.7% on the 8 th day. The highest colonization rate was achieved with the fecal pellets containing cells with high photosynthetic competency ( Fv/Fm ). Interestingly, the genetic composition of Symbiodiniaceae in the larvae retrieved on the 8 th day differed from that in the fecal pellets and showed exclusive domination of the genus Symbiodinium . A minor but significant population of the genus Cladocopium in the fecal pellets was not inherited by the larvae. These experiments provided the first demonstration that the Symbiodiniaceae from tridacnine clams provided via fecal pellets can colonize and even proliferate in coral larvae.