Improved penicillin susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and increased penicillin consumption in Japan, 2013–18

Objectives To examine the association between penicillin susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and penicillin consumption in Japan. Methods We used Japan Nosocomial Infection Surveillance data on the susceptibility of S . pneumoniae and sales data obtained from IQVIA Services Japan K.K. for penicillin consumption. We analysed both sets of data by decomposing them into seasonality and chronological trend components. The cross-correlation function was checked using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to examine the correlation between susceptibility and consumption. Results After adjusting for seasonality, the susceptibility of S . pneumoniae to penicillins gradually improved (55.7% in 2013 and 60.6% in 2018, respectively) and penicillin consumption increased during the same period (0.76 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day [DID] in 2013, and 0.89 DID in 2018). The results showed positive cross-correlation (coefficient 0.801, p -value < 0.001). In contrast, cephalosporin consumption decreased (3.91 DID in 2013 and 3.19 DID in 2018) and showed negative cross-correlation with susceptibility of S . pneumoniae to penicillins (coefficient −0.981, p -value < 0.001). Conclusions The rates of penicillin-susceptible S . pneumoniae isolates did not negatively correlate with penicillin consumption at the population level. Increased penicillin consumption might not impair the penicillin susceptibility of S . pneumoniae .