Open AccessMoistube irrigation (MTI) discharge under variable evaporative demand
Author(s) -
Tinashe Lindel Dirwai,
Aidan Senzanje,
Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
plos one
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.99
H-Index - 332
ISSN - 1932-6203
DOI - 10.1371/journal.pone.0236211
Subject(s) - relative humidity , analytical chemistry (journal) , humidity , atmospheric sciences , advection , chemistry , environmental science , zoology , physics , thermodynamics , meteorology , hydrology (agriculture) , mechanics , chromatography , biology , geology , geotechnical engineering
We investigated the conceptual capability of Moistube irrigation (MTI) to discharge under zero applied positive pressure and under varied climatic conditions by inducing an artificial evaporative demand ( E d ) or negative pressure around Moistube tubing. This study was premised on the null hypothesis that an artificially induced E d or negative pressure does not impact MTI discharge. Moistube tubing was enclosed in a 1 m long PVC conduit. A 20 l water reservoir placed on an electronic balance provided a continuous supply of water whilst a three-speed hot air blower facilitated the radiative factor and advection process. The procedure was conducted under varied climatic conditions with three air velocity ( u a ) treatments namely; 1.2 m.s -1 , 2.5 m.s -1 , and 3.0 m.s -1 and the experiment run times were 159 h, 134 h and 10 h, respectively. The average temperature ( T ave ) and relative humidity (RH) data for u a = 1.2 m.s -1 were 53°C and 7.31%, whilst for u a = 2.5 m.s -1 , T ave was 56°C and RH = 7.19%, and for u a = 3.0 m.s -1 , T ave was 63°C and RH = 6.16%. The experimental data was input into the four variable Penman-Monteith method to compute the evaporative demand ( E d ). For each E d , the instantaneous mass flow rate (m ˙) was recorded using an electronic balance and subsequently converted to volumetric flow rates. For each of the air velocities, the respective E d values obtained were 0.16, 0.31 and 0.36 mm.d -1 . The Bowen ratios ( r ) were well below 1 ( r < 1), which suggested a sufficient supply of moisture to evaporate. For E d = 0.16 mm.d -1 the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was 113.08 mbars, whilst for E d = 0.31 mm.d -1 and for E d = 0.36 mm.d -1 the VPD were 129.93 mbars and 150.14 mbars, respectively. The recorded discharges ( q ) at normalised time ( t *) = 1 h for E d = 0.16 mm.d -1 was 7.67*10 −3 l.hr -1 .m -1 length, whilst for E d = 0.31 mm.d -1 q = 14.5*10 −3 l.hr -1 .m -1 length, and for E d = 0.36 mm.d -1 q = 20.8*10 −3 l.hr -1 .m -1 length. The imposed negative pressure causes an exponential increase in Moistube™ discharge, thus disproving the null hypothesis. The higher the evaporative demand the higher the discharge. This phenomenon allows MTI to be used for deficit irrigation purposes and allows irrigators to capitalize on realistic soil matric potential irrigation scheduling approach.