Open AccessEvaluation of Sulfadiazine Degradation in Three Newly Isolated Pure Bacterial Cultures
Author(s) -
Sikandar I. Mulla,
Qian Sun,
Anyi Hu,
Yuwen Wang,
Muhammad Ashfaq,
Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani,
Changping Yu
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
plos one
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.99
H-Index - 332
ISSN - 1932-6203
DOI - 10.1371/journal.pone.0165013
Subject(s) - biodegradation , sulfadiazine , chemistry , bacteria , metabolite , pseudomonas stutzeri , microorganism , environmental chemistry , microbiology and biotechnology , chromatography , food science , nuclear chemistry , biology , biochemistry , organic chemistry , antibiotics , genetics
This study is aimed to assess the biodegradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and characterization of heavy metal resistance in three pure bacterial cultures and also their chemotactic response towards 2-aminopyrimidine. The bacterial cultures were isolated from pig manure, activated sludge and sediment samples, by enrichment technique on SDZ (6 mg L -1 ). Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the microorganisms were identified within the genera of Paracoccus , Methylobacterium and Kribbella , which were further designated as SDZ-PM2-BSH30, SDZ-W2-SJ40 and SDZ-3S-SCL47. The three identified pure bacterial strains degraded up to 50.0, 55.2 and 60.0% of SDZ (5 mg L -1 ), respectively within 290 h. On the basis of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, 2-aminopyrimidine and 4-hydroxy-2-aminopyrimidine were identified as the main intermediates of SDZ biodegradation. These bacteria were also able to degrade the metabolite, 2-aminopyrimidine, of the SDZ. Furthermore, SDZ-PM2-BSH30, SDZ-W2-SJ40 and SDZ-3S-SCL47 also showed resistance to various heavy metals like copper, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel and zinc. Additionally, all three bacteria exhibited positive chemotaxis towards 2-aminopyrimidine based on the drop plate method and capillary assay. The results of this study advanced our understanding about the microbial degradation of SDZ, which would be useful towards the future SDZ removal in the environment.