Open AccessComplete Circular Genome Sequence of Successful ST8/SCCmecIV Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (OC8) in Russia: One-Megabase Genomic Inversion, IS256’s Spread, and Evolution of Russia ST8-IV
Author(s) -
TsaiWen Wan,
Olga E. Khokhlova,
Yasuhisa Iwao,
Wataru Higuchi,
WeiChun Hung,
Ivan Reva,
Olga Singur,
Vladimir Gostev,
С. В. Сидоренко,
Olga V. Peryanova,
Alla Salmina,
Galina Reva,
LeeJene Teng,
Tatsuo Yamamoto
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
plos one
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.99
H-Index - 332
ISSN - 1932-6203
DOI - 10.1371/journal.pone.0164168
Subject(s) - genome , biology , whole genome sequencing , genetics , virology , gene
ST8/SCC mec IV community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has been a common threat, with large USA300 epidemics in the United States. The global geographical structure of ST8/SCC mec IV has not yet been fully elucidated. We herein determined the complete circular genome sequence of ST8/SCC mec IVc strain OC8 from Siberian Russia. We found that 36.0% of the genome was inverted relative to USA300. Two IS 256 , oppositely oriented, at IS 256 -enriched hot spots were implicated with the one-megabase genomic inversion (MbIN) and vSaβ split. The behavior of IS 256 was flexible: its insertion site ( att ) sequences on the genome and junction sequences of extrachromosomal circular DNA were all divergent, albeit with fixed sizes. A similar multi-IS 256 system was detected, even in prevalent ST239 healthcare-associated MRSA in Russia, suggesting IS 256 ’s strong transmission potential and advantage in evolution. Regarding epidemiology, all ST8/SCC mec IVc strains from European, Siberian, and Far Eastern Russia, examined had MbIN, and geographical expansion accompanied divergent spa types and resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and often rifampicin. Russia ST8/SCC mec IVc has been associated with life-threatening infections such as pneumonia and sepsis in both community and hospital settings. Regarding virulence, the OC8 genome carried a series of toxin and immune evasion genes, a truncated giant surface protein gene, and IS 256 insertion adjacent to a pan-regulatory gene. These results suggest that unique single ST8/ spa 1(t008)/SCC mec IVc CA-MRSA (clade, Russia ST8-IVc) emerged in Russia, and this was followed by large geographical expansion, with MbIN as an epidemiological marker, and fluoroquinolone resistance, multiple virulence factors, and possibly a multi-IS 256 system as selective advantages.