Open AccessThe Current Recommended Vitamin D Intake Guideline for Diet and Supplements During Pregnancy Is Not Adequate to Achieve Vitamin D Sufficiency for Most Pregnant Women
Author(s) -
Fariba Aghajafari,
Catherine J. Field,
Bonnie Kaplan,
Doreen M. Rabi,
Jack A. Maggiore,
Maeve O’Beirne,
David A. Hanley,
Misha Eliasziw,
Deborah Dewey,
Amy R. Weinberg,
Sue Ross,
APrON Study Team
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
plos one
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.99
H-Index - 332
ISSN - 1932-6203
DOI - 10.1371/journal.pone.0157262
Subject(s) - medicine , vitamin , dietary reference intake , vitamin d and neurology , pregnancy , micronutrient , physiology , zoology , endocrinology , nutrient , chemistry , biology , organic chemistry , pathology , genetics
Background The aims of this study were to determine if pregnant women consumed the recommended vitamin D through diet alone or through diet and supplements, and if they achieved the current reference range vitamin D status when their reported dietary intake met the current recommendations. Methods Data and banked blood samples collected in second trimester from a subset of 537 women in the APrON (Alberta Pregnant Outcomes and Nutrition) study cohort were examined. Frozen collected plasma were assayed using LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) to determine 25(OH)D 2 , 25(OH)D 3 , 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 concentrations. Dietary data were obtained from questionnaires including a Supplement Intake Questionnaire and a 24-hour recall of the previous day’s diet. Results Participants were 87% Caucasian; mean (SD) age of 31.3 (4.3); BMI 25.8 (4.7); 58% were primiparous; 90% had education beyond high school; 80% had a family income higher than CAN $70,000/year. 25(OH)D 2 , 25(OH)D 3 , and 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 ) were identified in all of the 537 plasma samples;3-epi-25(OH)D 3 contributed 5% of the total vitamin D. The median (IQR) total 25(OH)D (D 2 +D 3 ) was 92.7 (30.4) nmol/L and 20% of women had 25(OH)D concentration < 75 nmol/L. The median (IQR) reported vitamin D intake from diet and supplements was 600 (472) IU/day. There was a significant relationship between maternal reported dietary vitamin D intake (diet and supplement) and 25(OH)D and 3-epi-25(OH)D 3 concentrations in an adjusted linear regression model. Conclusions We demonstrated the current RDA (600 IU/ day) may not be adequate to achieve vitamin D status >75 nmol/L in some pregnant women who are residing in higher latitudes (Calgary, 51°N) in Alberta, Canada and the current vitamin D recommendations for Canadian pregnant women need to be re-evaluated.