Open AccessDistribution of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (Nav) Alleles among the Aedes aegypti Populations In Central Java Province and Its Association with Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides
Author(s) -
Sayono Sayono,
Anggie Puspa Nur Hidayati,
Sukmal Fahri,
Didik Sumanto,
Edi Dharmana,
Suharyo Hadisaputro,
Puji Budi Setia Asih,
Din Syafruddin
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
plos one
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.99
H-Index - 332
ISSN - 1932-6203
DOI - 10.1371/journal.pone.0150577
Subject(s) - aedes aegypti , pyrethroid , biology , allele , genetics , genotype , dengue fever , knockdown resistance , bacillus thuringiensis , gene , larva , virology , pesticide , cyfluthrin , ecology , bacteria
The emergence of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti mosquitoes has hampered dengue control efforts. WHO susceptibility tests, using several pyrethroid compounds, were conducted on Ae . aegypti larvae that were collected and raised to adulthood from Semarang, Surakarta, Kudus and Jepara in Java. The AaNa V gene fragment encompassing kdr polymorphic sites from both susceptible and resistant mosquitoes was amplified, and polymorphisms were associated with the resistant phenotype. The insecticide susceptibility tests demonstrated Ae , aegypti resistance to the pyrethroids, with mortality rates ranging from 1.6%–15.2%. Three non-synonymous polymorphisms (S989P, V1016G and F1534C) and one synonymous polymorphism (codon 982) were detected in the AaNa V gene. Eight AaNa V alleles were observed in specimens from Central Java. Allele 3 (SGF) and allele 7 (PGF) represent the most common alleles found and demonstrated strong associations with resistance to pyrethroids (OR = 2.75, CI: 0.97–7.8 and OR = 7.37, CI: 2.4–22.5, respectively). This is the first report of 8 Ae . aegypti AaNa V alleles, and it indicates the development of resistance in Ae . aegypti in response to pyrethroid insecticide-based selective pressure. These findings strongly suggest the need for an appropriate integrated use of insecticides in the region. The 989P, 1016G and 1534C polymorphisms in the AaNa V gene are potentially valuable molecular markers for pyrethroid insecticide resistance monitoring.