Open AccessBiogenesis of C-Glycosyl Flavones and Profiling of Flavonoid Glycosides in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Author(s) -
Li S,
Jie Wu,
Liguang Chen,
Hui Du,
Yujuan Xu,
Lijing Wang,
Huijin Zhang,
Xuchen Zheng,
Liang-Sheng Wang
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
plos one
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.99
H-Index - 332
ISSN - 1932-6203
DOI - 10.1371/journal.pone.0108860
Subject(s) - lotus , quercetin , luteolin , flavones , flavonoid , glycoside , high performance liquid chromatography , lotus effect , chemistry , phenylpropanoid , carthamus , glycosyl , isorhamnetin , biology , chromatography , botany , biochemistry , biosynthesis , kaempferol , traditional medicine , organic chemistry , medicine , raw material , enzyme , antioxidant
Flavonoids in nine tissues of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and HPLC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS n ). Thirty-eight flavonoids were identified; eleven C -glycosides and five O -glycosides were discovered for the first time in N. nucifera . Most importantly, the C- glycosyl apigenin or luteolin detected in lotus plumules proved valuable for deep elucidation of flavonoid composition in lotus tissues and for further utilization as functional tea and medicine materials. Lotus leaves possessed the significantly highest amount of flavonoids (2.06E3±0.08 mg 100 g −1 FW) and separating and purifying the bioactive compound, quercetin 3- O -glucuronide, from leaves showed great potential. In contrast, flavonoids in flower stalks, seed coats and kernels were extremely low. Simultaneously, the optimal picking time was confirmed by comparing the compound contents in five developmental phases. Finally, we proposed the putative flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in N. nucifera .